Table 4.
The marginal means of healthcare and long-term care costs per month per participant estimated from GLMs
| Total of healthcare and long-term care costs | Healthcare costs for all diseases | Inpatient healthcare costs for all diseases | Healthcare costs for PD | Inpatient healthcare costs for PD | Long-term care costs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | P-value | Coefficient | P-value | Coefficient | P-value | Coefficient | P-value | Coefficient | P-value | Coefficient | P-value | |
| GLMsa | −0.26 | < 0.01 | −0.40 | < 0.01 | −0.70 | < 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.90 | −0.52 | < 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.91 |
| Costs | (SE) | Costs | (SE) | Costs | (SE) | Costs | (SE) | Costs | (SE) | Costs | (SE) | |
| Physician visit frequency for PD treatment | ||||||||||||
| Lower frequency | 3922 | (84) | 2382 | (50) | 2153 | (59) | 1041 | (43) | 1029 | (47) | 1483 | (83) |
| Higher frequency | 3037 | (62) | 1594 | (37) | 1065 | (39) | 1033 | (46) | 612 | (39) | 1496 | (61) |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 3414 | (76) | 2015 | (46) | 1689 | (55) | 1002 | (43) | 832 | (47) | 1436 | (86) |
| Female | 3523 | (71) | 2011 | (44) | 1652 | (53) | 1068 | (40) | 876 | (46) | 1518 | (61) |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 75–79 | 3469 | (112) | 2176 | (67) | 1828 | (82) | 1062 | (57) | 880 | (64) | 1321 | (111) |
| 80–84 | 3604 | (87) | 2056 | (52) | 1696 | (65) | 1067 | (48) | 883 | (55) | 1541 | (84) |
| 85–89 | 3557 | (100) | 2001 | (58) | 1710 | (70) | 1100 | (57) | 930 | (62) | 1569 | (101) |
| ≥ 90 | 3040 | (110) | 1638 | (74) | 1279 | (82) | 812 | (65) | 616 | (66) | 1476 | (135) |
| Residential facility | ||||||||||||
| Home | 3268 | (57) | 1958 | (38) | 1559 | (42) | 954 | (32) | 757 | (33) | 1330 | (54) |
| Retirement home | 3771 | (266) | 1953 | (145) | 1548 | (162) | 940 | (118) | 683 | (116) | 1738 | (225) |
| Long-term care facility | 3729 | (123) | 1431 | (55) | 1087 | (58) | 722 | (46) | 517 | (44) | 2131 | (117) |
| Health care institute | 4959 | (211) | 4827 | (265) | 4855 | (357) | 3510 | (395) | 3129 | (394) | 13 | (5) |
| Long-term care level | ||||||||||||
| None | 2655 | (74) | 1903 | (49) | 1545 | (59) | 966 | (46) | 788 | (50) | 723 | (54) |
| Requiring help | 3836 | (199) | 2275 | (109) | 2014 | (144) | 1263 | (103) | 1163 | (124) | 1792 | (220) |
| Long-term care level 1–2 | 4014 | (106) | 2004 | (64) | 1678 | (77) | 1068 | (60) | 905 | (68) | 1886 | (99) |
| Long-term care level 3–5 | 3966 | (101) | 2093 | (68) | 1733 | (80) | 1038 | (57) | 822 | (62) | 1936 | (110) |
| Mortality | ||||||||||||
| No | 2908 | (94) | 1656 | (52) | 1180 | (54) | 881 | (50) | 651 | (50) | 1314 | (90) |
| Yes | 3852 | (72) | 2210 | (44) | 1902 | (51) | 1112 | (39) | 939 | (43) | 1647 | (91) |
| Malignancy | ||||||||||||
| No | 3479 | (60) | 1952 | (37) | 1615 | (43) | 1058 | (36) | 872 | (40) | 1550 | (54) |
| Yes | 3473 | (95) | 2181 | (60) | 1817 | (74) | 980 | (49) | 807 | (55) | 1287 | (98) |
| Ischemic heart disease | ||||||||||||
| No | 3312 | (63) | 1897 | (40) | 1555 | (47) | 991 | (37) | 800 | (39) | 1447 | (63) |
| Yes | 3695 | (86) | 2168 | (48) | 1829 | (61) | 1104 | (46) | 936 | (54) | 1546 | (83) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | ||||||||||||
| No | 3281 | (99) | 1786 | (52) | 1419 | (59) | 1022 | (48) | 829 | (52) | 1497 | (103) |
| Yes | 3559 | (58) | 2111 | (39) | 1778 | (49) | 1045 | (37) | 867 | (41) | 1487 | (52) |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||||||||||
| No | 3580 | (68) | 2055 | (42) | 1724 | (50) | 1108 | (40) | 914 | (44) | 1500 | (71) |
| Yes | 3349 | (80) | 1957 | (47) | 1589 | (57) | 938 | (41) | 763 | (45) | 1479 | (82) |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||||||||
| No | 3438 | (67) | 1943 | (39) | 1629 | (47) | 1042 | (36) | 866 | (40) | 1499 | (67) |
| Yes | 3535 | (79) | 2119 | (50) | 1734 | (61) | 1031 | (46) | 834 | (51) | 1478 | (71) |
| Dementia | ||||||||||||
| No | 3034 | (78) | 1908 | (51) | 1495 | (58) | 928 | (43) | 713 | (44) | 993 | (59) |
| Yes | 3704 | (69) | 2075 | (39) | 1773 | (50) | 1103 | (38) | 941 | (45) | 1698 | (63) |
Costs were converted from Japanese yen to US dollars (USD 1 = JPY 110)
Abbreviation: SE Standard error
aGLMs only shows the result of physician visit frequency for PD treatment