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. 2021 Dec 15;41(50):10278–10292. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0857-21.2021

Table 5.

Brain areas showing differential activation for the contrast CS+ versus CS–

Brain region (COG) MNI coordinates
 Volume (voxels) Maximum z
x y z
CS+ > CS–
    Acquisition (n = 98)
        L and R cingulate gyrus, anterior division (midcingulate cortex)/paracingulate cortex/superior frontal gyrus/cingulate gyrus, posterior division/juxtapositional lobule −4 22 24 6904 9.3
        L and R caudate/thalamus/brainstem −8 8 4 4313 8.9
        L frontal orbital cortex/anterior insular cortex/frontal operculum cortex/precentral gyrus/inferior frontal gyrus −32 26 −8 2570 11.5
        R frontal orbital cortex/anterior insular cortex/frontal operculum cortex/precentral gyrus/inferior frontal gyrus 32 24 −8 2524 12.2
        L parietal operculum cortex/supramarginal gyrus −56 −30 22 844 8.81
        R supramarginal gyrus/angular gyrus 62 −44 24 464 8.24
        L superior parietal lobule/postcentral gyrus −20 −50 72 434 6.55
        R inferior frontal gyrus/middle frontal gyrus 38 14 26 262 4.71
        R precentral gyrus/middle frontal gyrus 46 2 50 257 6.88
        R parietal operculum cortex /supramarginal gyrus, anterior division 54 −26 26 210 7.46
        R cerebellum 34 −54 −28 46 5.79
        R middle temporal gyrus 56 −24 −8 23 6.68
    Extinction (n = 79)
        L and R cingulate gyrus, anterior division (midcingulate cortex)/paracingulate cortex/superior frontal gyrus/cingulate gyrus, posterior division/juxtapositional lobule −4 24 32 4168 7.18
        L frontal orbital cortex/anterior insular cortex/frontal operculum cortex/precentral gyrus −32 24 −6 2266 8.64
        R frontal orbital cortex/anterior insular cortex/frontal operculum cortex/precentral gyrus/inferior frontal gyrus 34 24 −6 2136 10.6
        L and R brainstem/thalamus −4 −30 −14 1667 6.59
        L superior parietal lobule −20 −50 72 962 7.25
        L parietal operculum cortex/supramarginal gyrus −58 −34 26 530 8.44
        L superior frontal gyrus/juxtapositional lobule −12 −10 72 490 5.71
        R parietal operculum cortex/supramarginal gyrus 54 −26 26 398 5.92
        L caudate −6 8 2 207 6.08
    Brainstem 0 −38 −34 108 5.3
        R cerebellum 42 −54 −30 54 4.49
        R lingual gyrus 2 −64 −4 44 5.41
        R precuneus cortex 8 −52 64 13 3.53
CS– > CS+
    Acquisition (n = 98)
        L and R postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus/superior parietal lobule/supramarginal gyrus/central opercular cortex/insular cortex/planum temporale/lingual gyrus/lateral occipital cortex/inferior temporal gyrus/temporal, occipital fusiform gyrus/parahippocampal gyrus/hippocampus/amygdala −58 −14 38 39,682 10.8
        L superior frontal gyrus/middle frontal gyrus/frontal pole −22 26 50 3681 7.21
        R frontal pole 30 38 −10 1012 6.44
        R superior frontal gyrus/middle frontal gyrus/frontal pole 26 26 54 728 5.75
        R cerebellum 22 −86 −38 323 5.21
        L frontal orbital cortex/frontal pole −40 30 −14 312 6.23
        R temporal fusiform cortex/temporal pole 38 −8 −38 238 5.53
        R frontal pole 38 38 18 140 4.61
        L inferior frontal gyrus/white matter −28 24 18 122 4.47
        L frontal pole −46 44 6 81 4.07
        L and R subcallosal cortex 2 22 −10 76 4.65
        L cerebellum −8 −72 −46 74 3.99
        L white matter −10 26 4 43 3.76
        L frontal pole −22 50 −6 33 4.64
        R temporal pole 34 22 −32 32 4.09
        R white matter 34 −38 24 26 3.85
        L precentral gyrus −8 −22 50 23 4.31
        L superior frontal gyrus −20 −12 50 19 3.93
    White matter 0 4 20 18 4.08
        R cerebellum 20 −62 −44 16 4.01
        L parahippocampal gyrus −20 0 −40 15 4.53
        L white matter −18 36 −2 14 3.61
        L middle frontal gyrus −44 12 38 12 3.89
        L superior frontal gyrus −22 −6 60 11 3.62
        R frontal pole 16 42 36 11 3.53
    Extinction (n = 79)
        R postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus/superior parietal lobule/supramarginal gyrus 60 −6 24 2377 6.72
        L postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus/superior parietal lobule/supramarginal gyrus/central opercular cortex −54 −8 26 1561 6.11
        R lateral occipital cortex, superior division 50 −70 30 865 4.95
        L middle frontal gyrus/superior frontal gyrus −32 16 60 813 5.19
        R middle frontal gyrus/superior frontal gyrus 30 24 52 684 4.89
        L lateral occipital cortex, superior division −30 −74 30 655 4.36
        L middle frontal gyrus/inferior frontal gyrus −52 28 26 643 5.1
        L frontal pole −8 60 −8 345 4.73
        R lateral occipital cortex, superior division 20 −70 64 322 5.41
        R inferior temporal gyrus/middle temporal gyrus 52 −52 −8 302 4.6
        R central opercular cortex/insula cortex 42 −8 16 245 8.55
        L precuneus cortex −8 −54 16 195 5
        L frontal pole −8 66 20 78 4.89
        L temporal pole −48 2 −38 40 4.73
        R temporal pole 46 18 −36 37 4.17
        L hippocampus −18 −12 −22 35 5.44
        R precuneus cortex 10 −54 16 30 4
        R postcentral gyrus 8 −34 72 29 4.87
        R precentral gyrus 6 −28 56 24 4.69
        L lateral occipital cortex, superior division −22 −64 58 23 3.6
        R postcentral gyrus 44 −38 66 21 3.93
        R middle temporal gyrus, posterior division 70 −14 −16 19 4.18
        R precentral gyrus 26 −26 50 16 3.57
        L lateral occipital cortex, superior division −26 −86 20 15 3.46
        R middle temporal gyrus, anterior division 52 0 −32 15 3.98
        L temporal pole −48 14 −30 12 5.06

Whole-brain activation (TFCE corrected, p < 0.05) that discriminates the threat-associated (CS+) stimuli from the control stimuli (CS–). Coordinates are in MNI space and indicate the voxel with the highest z value, for each significant cluster. Minimum cluster size reported here: k > 10. Labels are derived from the Harvard-Oxford cortical and subcortical atlases, and Vogt and Paxinos (2014), specifically for the cingulate cortex. L, Left; R, right; COG, Center of Gravity.