Table II.

 Metabolic Parameters of Patients Treated With Carvedilol or Metoprolol Tartrate in the GEMINI Study

Parameter	carvedilol (n=454)	metoprolol (n=657)	between treatmentsa
	difference from baseline, %	difference from baseline, %	difference, % (95% cl)	P Value
Mean ACRb	−14.0	2.5	−16.2 (−25.3 to −5.9)	.003
Mean HOMA‐IRb	−9.1	−2.0	−7.2 (−13.8 to −0.2)	.004
Mean plasma glucosec	6.6	10.6	−4.0 (−8.7 to 0.8)	.10
Mean serum insulinc	−19.4	−15.1	−4.2 (−16.7 to 8.2)	.51
Mean body weightc	0.17	1.2	−1.0 (−1.4 to −0.6)	<.001
Mean serum cholesterolb
Total	−3.3	−0.4	−2.9 (−4.6 to −1.2)	.001
LDL	−4.0	−2.7	−1.3 (−4.31 to 1.78)	.40
HDL	−5.5	−5.7	0.2 (−1.68 to 2.12)	.83
Mean triglyceridesb	2.2	13.2	−9.8 (−13.7 to −5.8)	<.001

Abbreviations: ACR, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio; CI, confidence interval; GEMINI, Glycemic Effects in Diabetes Mellitus: Carvedilol–Metoprolol Comparison in Hypertensives; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HOMA‐IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance ([fasting plasma insulin concentration (μU/mL)×fasting plasma glucose]/22.5); LDL, low‐density lipoprotein. ^aTreatment difference from metoprolol. ^bGeometric means based on exponentiation of the least‐squares means adjusted by the analysis model of natural log‐transformed parameter. ^cLeast‐squares mean adjusted by the terms in the analysis model. Adapted with permission from Bakris and colleagues. ⁴⁷