Table II.
Characteristics of the Patients According to the Morning and Evening SBP
| Normotension (n=90) | Evening Hypertension (n=12) | Sustained Hypertension (n=154) | Morning Hypertension (n=100) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General characteristics | |||||
| Age, y | 64.2±9.8 | 59.1±16.4 | 67.8±11.5c | 67.7±9.9c | .005 |
| Male sex, % | 33 | 50 | 49 | 56a | .01 |
| Body height, cm | 153.5±8.6 | 156.8±9.6 | 154.9±9.6 | 156.0±9.7 | .31 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.2±3.1 | 25.3±4.2 | 23.3±3.1 | 23.1±3.2 | .15 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 80.5±9.3 | 85.4±11.6 | 83.1±9.1 | 82.4±8.7 | .12 |
| Duration of hypertension, y | 1.2±3.3 | 1.5±4.8 | 3.8±6.4a | 4.1±6.8a | .002 |
| Current smoking, % | 15 | 8 | 18 | 17 | .74 |
| Habitual drinking, % | 17 | 17 | 28 | 38a | .01 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 10 | 25 | 8 | 7 | .22 |
| Hyperlipidemia, % | 36 | 50 | 25 | 33 | .14 |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| MEave in SBP, mm Hg | 121±7 | 134±4b | 156±13b,d | 137±7b,f | <.001 |
| MEave in DBP, mm Hg | 70±7 | 79±10b | 84±10b | 77±8b,f | <.001 |
| MEave in pulse rate, beats per min | 67±8 | 67±11 | 69±9 | 68±9 | .74 |
| MEdif in SBP, mm Hg | 5±8 | −6±7a | 9±12d | 19±11b,d,f | <.001 |
| MEdif in pulse rate, beats per min | −4±6 | −4±4 | −5±6 | −6±7a | .007 |
| Office SBP, mm Hg | 140±11 | 147±15 | 162±17b,d | 153±16b,f | <.001 |
| Office DBP, mm Hg | 81±9 | 85±14 | 87±10b | 85±11a | <.001 |
| Office pulse rate, beats per min | 72±10 | 71±13 | 72±11 | 71±11 | .86 |
| Arterial stiffness | |||||
| baPWV, m/s | 15.6±2.8 | 15.8±4.9 | 19.9±4.4b,d | 18.0±3.6b,f | <.001 |
| Carotid AIx, % | 30.8±8.8 | 24.6±13.0 | 32.9±9.0c | 32.1±10.4c | .02 |
| Cardio‐renal functions | |||||
| BNP (geometric mean), pg/mL | 17.1 | 13.4 | 22.9 | 23.5 | .02 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 78.6±16.0 | 85.0±23.0 | 78.1±17.1 | 76.8±16.2 | .34 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||||
| LV end‐diastolic dimension, mm | 44.4±4.5 | 47.5±4.2 | 45.6±5.2 | 46.1±4.2 | .05 |
| LV end‐systolic dimension, mm | 27.4±4.7 | 30.2±5.1 | 28.5±4.8 | 28.3±4.1 | .14 |
| Interventricular septal wall thickness, mm | 8.8±1.1 | 9.0±1.6 | 10.4±1.7b,c | 9.9±1.4b,e | <.001 |
| LV posterior wall thickness, mm | 8.6±1.1 | 8.6±1.3 | 10.2±1.6b,d | 9.8±1.3b,c | <.001 |
| LV mass, g | 142.9±36.9 | 166.8±59.1 | 194.8±60.4b | 182.1±43.6b | <.001 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 94.2±21.2 | 101.9±26.6 | 126.6±36.7b,c | 118.3±28.2b | <.001 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.39±0.06 | 0.36±0.05 | 0.45±0.08b,d | 0.43±0.07a,c,e | <.001 |
| Left atrial dimension, mm | 32.7±4.6 | 34.0±3.0 | 33.4±4.7 | 33.5±4.3 | .47 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 68.3±8.7 | 66.0±8.1 | 67.5±7.9 | 68.7±6.8 | .51 |
| E/A ratio | 0.88±0.24 | 0.87±0.14 | 0.77±0.18b | 0.80±0.20a | <.001 |
| Deceleration time of E wave, msec | 208.0±34.4 | 212.4±38.4 | 237.3±47.0b | 229.3±38.0a | <.001 |
| Heart rate at echo, beats per min | 67.6±11.9 | 68.2±11.1 | 68.1±11.5 | 67.4±11.6 | .96 |
Abbreviations: AIx, augmentation index; baPWV, brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LV, left ventricular; MEave, the average of morning and evening blood pressure; MEdif, morning minus evening blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure. P values were calculated by analysis of variance and Tukey’s honestly significant differences or chi‐square test. Data are shown as the mean ± SD or percentage. a P<.05. b P<.001 vs normotension. c P<.05. d P<.01 vs evening hypertension. e P<.05. f P<.01 vs sustained hypertension. [Correction added after online publication 16‐Jul‐2010: The footnotes and citations have been updated.]