Fig. 1.

Full length dystrophin and dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC). The dystrophin protein contains an actin binding domain (which is also the N-terminal domain), a rod domain made of 24 spectrin repeats (labelled R), four hinges (labelled H1-H4), a cysteine-rich domain and a C-terminal domain. Dystrophin is attached to the DAPC via the cysteine-rich domain (which bind dystroglycan) and C terminus (which bind syntrophins and dystrobrevin), linking the internal cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (12) (13). R16 and R17 contains nNOS binding site that is important for localisation of nNOS at the sarcolemma (19).