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. 2021 Sep 30;28(1):77–91. doi: 10.1111/cns.13736

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© 2021 The Authors. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The gut microbiota modulates the inflammatory response and MMP‐9 that are associated with hemorrhagic transformation after stroke. Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) leads to gut dysbiosis and the inflammatory response. The changes of gut microbiota, peripheral inflammation, and SCFAs may further regulate MMP‐9 level and affect blood‐brain barrier permeability, contributing to an increase of HT susceptibility after stroke. MCAO rats that received fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) of the “HT microbiota” exhibited high risk of HT [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]