Fig. 1. tRF restores circadian fasting/feeding cycles under conditions of global circadian disruption without altering cumulative food intake.

(A) Overview of study design. C57B6/J male mice were exposed for 8 weeks to either (i) control conditions (CON; 12-hour light/12-hour dark circadian cycles), (ii) circadian disruption (CD; 24-hour exposure to constant light), or (iii) circadian disruption with concomitant selective restoration of fasting/feeding cycles through tRF during CT12 to CT20 (CD-tRF). Experimental parameters assessed and displayed in the figure are highlighted in red. (B) Representative double-plotted foodograms and corresponding χ² periodograms (C) in CON (highlighted in black), CD (red), and CD-tRF (blue) mice monitored for 2 weeks at baseline followed by 8 weeks of experimental conditions. Shaded areas represent periods of dark. (D) Average 24-hour food intake binned into 30-min intervals in CON (black), CD (red), and CD-tRF (blue) mice (repeated-measures one-way ANOVA, effect of time; n = 6 mice per condition). (E) Average cumulative 24-hour food intake in CON (black), CD (red), and CD-tRF (blue) mice (n = 6 mice per condition). (F) Average 24-hour energy expenditure binned into 30-min intervals in CON (black), CD (red), and CD-tRF (blue) mice (repeated-measures one-way ANOVA, effect of time; n = 6 per group). Respirometry recordings were made using a comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system. All values represent means ± SEM.