Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| T1 (n = 2040) n(%) | T2 (n = 3638) n(%) | T3 (n = 2162) n(%) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Personal factors† | |||||
| Gender (mlogit) | F(4, 4.5e+08) = 1.50 | ||||
| Male | 160 (7.9) | 271 (7.5) | 166 (7.7) | ||
| Female | 1868 (91.6) | 3331 (91.6) | 1986 (91.9) | ||
| Other/prefer not to say | 12 (0.6) | 36 (1.0) | 10 (0.5) | p = 0.20 | |
| Age (years) (oreg) | F(2, 1.6e+07) = 39.48 | ||||
| 16–30 | 265 (13.0) | 381 (10.5) | 158 (7.3) | ||
| 31–40 | 406 (19.9) | 660 (18.1) | 321 (14.9) | ||
| 41–50 | 600 (29.4) | 1061 (29.2) | 620 (28.7) | ||
| 51–60 | 626 (30.7) | 1263 (34.7) | 860 (39.8) | ||
| 61 and over | 143 (7.0) | 273 (7.5) | 204 (9.4) | p<0.001 | |
| Ethnicity (mlogit) | F(3,336,836.6) = 9.43 | ||||
| White | 3248 (89.3) | 2012 (93.1) | |||
| Mixed/Multiple ethnic | 55 (1.5) | 35 (1.6) | |||
| Asian/Asian British | 126 (3.5) | 39 (1.8) | |||
| Black/African/Caribbean | 210 (5.8) | 76 (3.5) | p<0.001 | ||
| UK Region (mlogit) | F(20, 1.8e+08) = 4.58 | ||||
| South East | 322 (15.8) | 562 (15.4) | 326 (15.1) | ||
| South West | 220 (10.8) | 383 (10.5) | 234 (10.8) | ||
| London | 227 (11.1) | 526 (14.4) | 297 (13.7) | ||
| East Midlands | 214 (10.5) | 267 (7.3) | 173 (8.0) | ||
| East of England | 146 (7.2) | 276 (7.6) | 191 (8.9) | ||
| North West | 262 (12.9) | 380 (10.4) | 197 (9.1) | ||
| North East (including Yorkshire) | 126 (6.2) | 340 (9.4) | 227 (10.5) | ||
| West Midlands | 228 (11.2) | 311 (8.6) | 186 (8.6) | ||
| Scotland | 168 (8.3) | 345 (9.5) | 187 (8.7) | ||
| Wales | 86 (4.2) | 154 (4.2) | 108 (5.0) | ||
| Northern Ireland | 39 (1.9) | 96 (2.6) | 35 (1.6) | p<0.001 | |
| Professional qualification (mlogit) | F(12, 4.8e+07) = 2.84 | ||||
| RN - adult | 1589 (77.9) | 2732 (75.1) | 1730 (80.0) | ||
| RN - child | 109 (5.4) | 211 (5.8) | 111 (5.1) | ||
| RN- learning disability | 15 (0.7) | 52 (1.4) | 21 (1.0) | ||
| RN- mental health | 132 (6.5) | 284 (7.8) | 116 (5.4) | ||
| Midwife/Health visitor | 58 (2.9) | 96 (2.6) | 69 (3.2) | ||
| HCA/ Nursing associate/ trainee | 79 (3.9) | 140 (3.8) | 68 (3.2) | ||
| Student nurse/ midwife | 58 (2.8) | 122 (3.4) | 46 (2.1) | p<0.001 | |
| Caring responsibilities (mlogit) | F(4, 9.0e+07) = 2.99 | ||||
| Yes- sole carer | 223 (11.0) | 407 (11.2) | 205 (9.5) | ||
| Yes, but not sole carer | 774 (38.0) | 1270 (34.9) | 754 (34.9) | ||
| No | 1042 (51.1) | 1961 (53.9) | 1203 (55.7) | p = 0.018 | |
| WORKPLACE FACTORS† | |||||
| Health at risk due to clinical role (oreg) | F(1,15,516.5) = 31.77 | ||||
| Strongly disagree/disagree | 247 (12.1) | 568 (15.6) | |||
| Neither agree nor disagree | 279 (13.7) | 642 (17.6) | |||
| Strongly agree/agree | 1514 (74.2) | 2429 (66.8) | p<0.001 | ||
| Personal COVID-19 infection | – | ||||
| Yes - I had symptoms | 628 (29.0) | ||||
| Yes - did not have symptoms | 113 (5.2) | ||||
| No | 1421 (65.7) | – | |||
| Employed by NHS (lreg) | F(2, 2.3e+08) = 0.31 | ||||
| No | 470 (23.0) | 830 (22.8) | 512 (23.7) | ||
| Yes | 1570 (77.0) | 2808 (77.2) | 1650 (76.3) | p = 0.74 | |
| NHS pay banding (or equivalent) (mlogit) | F(2, 1.5e+06) = 14.39 | ||||
| Not banded | 38 (1.9) | 51 (1.4) | 20 (0.9) | ||
| HCA/ nursing associate | 103 (5.1) | 219 (6.0) | 99 (4.6) | ||
| Staff nurse | 567 (27.8) | 1106 (30.4) | 558 (25.8) | ||
| Senior staff nurse | 555 (27.2) | 1013 (27.9) | 620 (28.7) | ||
| Charge nurse | 446 (21.9) | 780 (21.5) | 547 (25.3) | ||
| Matron | 187 (9.1) | 281 (7.7) | 184 (8.5) | ||
| Senior nurse | 81 (4.0) | 100 (2.7) | 71 (3.3) | ||
| Very senior nurse | 64 (3.1) | 88 (2.4) | 62 (2.9) | p<0.001 | |
| Clinical speciality during pandemic (mlogit) | F(22, 1.4e+07) = 2.44 | ||||
| Acute/emergency hospital care | 547 (26.8) | 935 (25.7) | 511 (23.7) | ||
| Critical care/operating theatres | 324 (15.9) | 523 (14.4) | 338 (15.6) | ||
| Learning disabilities | 12 (0.6) | 26 (0.7) | 14 (0.7) | ||
| Mental health | 102 (5.0) | 253 (7.0) | 95 (4.4) | ||
| Midwifery/Paediatrics | 77 (3.8) | 129 (3.5) | 88 (4.1) | ||
| Palliative care | 49 (2.4) | 116 (3.2) | 64 (3.0) | ||
| Outpatients | 49 (2.4) | 98 (2.7) | 67 (3.1) | ||
| Care/nursing Home | 49 (2.4) | 119 (3.3) | 60 (2.8) | ||
| Community or primary care | 418 (20.5) | 742 (20.4) | 477 (22.1) | ||
| Education/ higher education | 41 (2.0) | 64 (1.8) | 46 (2.1) | ||
| Research | 79 (3.9) | 131 (3.6) | 123 (5.7) | ||
| Other | 292 (14.3) | 502 (13.8) | 276 (12.8) | p<0.001 | |
| Redeployment (mlogit) | F(4, 5.7e+06) = 7.17 | ||||
| Not redeployed | 1361 (66.8) | 2643 (72.7) | 1579 (73.1) | ||
| Redeployed - adequate training | 259 (12.7) | 368 (10.1) | 202 (9.4) | ||
| Redeployed - inadequate or no training | 419 (20.5) | 624 (17.2) | 380 (17.6) | p<0.001 | |
| Previously provided clinical care in pandemic (lreg) | F(2, 1.7e+07) = 1.92 | ||||
| Yes | 520 (25.5) | 963 (26.5) | 608 (28.1) | ||
| No | 1520 (74.5) | 2675 (73.5) | 1554 (71.9) | p = 0.15 | |
| Main role during the pandemic | – | ||||
| Direct clinical care | 1533 (70.9) | ||||
| Education | 78 (3.6) | ||||
| Research | 140 (6.5) | ||||
| Management/leadership | 236 (10.9) | ||||
| Unable to work | 63 (2.9) | ||||
| Other | 112 (5.2) | – | |||
| Correct PPE always available (oreg) | F(2, 1.1e+06) = 199.97 | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree | 795 (39.0) | 2192 (60.3) | 1468 (67.9) | ||
| Neither agree or disagree | 522 (25.6) | 782 (21.5) | 311 (14.4) | ||
| Disagree/strongly disagree | 724 (35.5) | 664 (18.3) | 384 (17.8) | p<0.001 | |
| Confidence in COVID-19 IPC training (mlogit) | F(2, 3.8e+06) = 72.76 | ||||
| Not confident at all/some not confident | 858 (42.1) | 1103 (30.3) | 532 (24.6) | ||
| Neither not confident nor confident | 346 (16.9) | 634 (17.4) | 295 (13.7) | ||
| Somewhat confident/very confident | 632 (31.0) | 1648 (45.3) | 1152 (53.3) | ||
| Not received training | 204 (10.0) | 254 (7.0) | 182 (8.4) | p<0.001 | |
| Prepared to provide care to COVID-19 patients (oreg) | F(2, 2.2e+06) = 75.79 | ||||
| Completely/somewhat unprepared | 1096 (53.7) | 1348 (37.1) | 916 (42.4) | ||
| Neither prepared nor unprepared | 237 (11.6) | 474 (13.0) | 292 (13.5) | ||
| Somewhat/very prepared | 707 (34.7) | 1816 (49.9) | 954 (44.1) | p<0.001 | |
| Care quality for non-COVID-19 (oreg) | F(2,57,974.0) = 35.09 | ||||
| Significantly/slightly worse than before | 1007 (49.3) | 1447 (39.8) | 1078 (49.9) | ||
| Same as before | 865 (42.4) | 1777 (48.8) | 867 (40.1) | ||
| Significantly/slightly better than before | 169 (8.3) | 414 (11.4) | 217 (10.1) | p<0.001 | |
| Mental health first aid training (lreg) | F(2, 5.9e+07) = 0.47 | ||||
| Yes | 396 (19.4) | 729 (20.0) | 446 (20.6) | ||
| No | 1644 (80.6) | 2909 (80.0) | 1716 (79.4) | p = 0.63 | |
HCA- healthcare assistant; IPC- infection prevention and control; PPE- personal protective equipment; RN- registered nurse.
All variables in table based on imputed dataset.
All variables collected at each of the three time-points except: ethnicity (not collected at time-point one); health at risk due to clinical role (not collected at time-point three); personal COVID-19 infection (not collected at time-points one/ two); main role during pandemic (not collected at time-points one/ two).
Statistical test obtained using: lreg = logistic regression, oreg = ordinal regression, mlogit = multinomial regression, PChi = Pearson Chi-squared.
†- The test statistic (where applicable) is shown adjacent to the variable name.