Table 1. Regression Results of the Log of Healthy Food Pricesa as a Function of Store Format, SNAP-Authorized Food Outlets in Counties With High Obesity Rates, Mississippi, 2019.
| Variable | Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | Model 4e | Model 5f |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | −1.976 (0.302)g | −1.976 (0.714)h | −1.976 (0.086)g | −1.976 (0.714)g | −1.985 (0.086)g |
| Store format (reference: supermarket) | |||||
| Grocery store | 0.159 (0.120) | 0.159 (0.037) | 0.159 (0.097)g | 0.159 (0.037)g | 0.165 (0.098)i |
| Dollar store | 0.351 (0.128)g | 0.351 (0.170)i | 0.351 (0.083)g | 0.351 (0.170)h | 0.360 (0.084)g |
| Convenience store | 0.666 (0.121)g | 0.666 (0.153)g | 0.666 (0.109)g | 0.666 (0.153)g | 0.669 (0.110)g |
| Food groups (reference: beans, seeds, nuts) | |||||
| Dairy and eggs | −0.742 (0.184)g | −0.742 (0.452) | −0.742 (0.042)g | −0.742 (0.452) | −0.741 (0.042)g |
| Fruit and vegetables | −0.593 (0.110)g | −0.593 (0.485) | −0.593 (0.042)g | −0.593 (0.485) | −0.593 (0.043)g |
| Grains | −0.555 (0.148)g | −0.555 (0.544) | −0.555 (0.090)g | −0.555 (0.544) | −0.557 (0.089)g |
| Meats | 0.288 (0.121)h | 0.288 (0.481) | 0.288 (0.050)g | 0.288 (0.481) | 0.291 (0.050)g |
| Store format and food group interactions | |||||
| Grocery store × dairy and eggs | −0.214 (0.209) | −0.214 (0.132) | −0.214 (0.080)g | −0.214 (0.132) | −0.214 (0.080)g |
| Grocery store × fruit and vegetables | −0.159 (0.128) | −0.159 (0.070)h | −0.159 (0.076)h | −0.159 (0.070)h | −0.159 (0.077)h |
| Grocery store × grains | −0.021 (0.173) | −0.021 (0.121) | −0.021 (0.137) | −0.021 (0.121) | −0.021 (0.137) |
| Grocery store × meats | −0.194 (0.142) | −0.194 (0.114) | −0.194 (0.074) | −0.194 (0.114) | −0.197 (0.074) |
| Dollar store × dairy and eggs | −0.474 (0.225)h | −0.474 (0.183)h | −0.474 (0.081)g | −0.474 (0.183)g | −0.473 (0.081)g |
| Dollar store × fruit and vegetables | −0.658 (0.137)g | −0.658 (0.179)g | −0.658 (0.061)g | −0.658 (0.179)g | −0.658 (0.061)g |
| Dollar store × grains | −0.181 (0.184) | −0.181 (0.291) | −0.181 (0.124) | −0.181 (0.291) | −0.179 (0.124) |
| Dollar store × meats | −0.273 (0.154) | −0.273 (0.258) | −0.273 (0.067)g | −0.273 (0.258) | −0.275 (0.066)g |
| Convenience store × dairy and eggs | −0.606 (0.218)g | −0.606 (0.174)g | −0.606 (0.135)g | −0.606 (0.174)g | −0.608 (0.134)g |
| Convenience store × fruit and vegetables | −0.377 (0.136)g | −0.377 (0.210)i | −0.377 (0.104)g | −0.377 (0.210)g | −0.366 (0.104)g |
| Convenience store × grains | −0.288 (0.188) | −0.288 (0.244) | −0.288 (0.154) | −0.288 (0.244) | −0.278 (0.154) |
| Convenience store × meats | −0.118 (0.156) | −0.118 (0.223) | −0.118 (0.095) | −0.118 (0.223) | −0.118 (0.095) |
Abbreviation: SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
Dependent variable is log of food price, in dollars per ounce. Data were collected via store audit in July 2019. Only healthy foods within each food group were included in the audit. Data presented are regression coefficients (SE).
Model 1: Included city-level dummy variables to control for potential price differences resulting from spatial heterogeneity. No random effects. No clustered SEs. No. of observations: 2,636. R 2 = 0.334.
Model 2: Included city-level dummy variables to control for potential price differences resulting from spatial heterogeneity. No random effects. Clustered SEs: food subgroup. The following 16 subgroup food categories were included: fruit and vegetables (fresh, frozen, and canned), meats (fresh meat, frozen meat, canned meat, fresh seafood, frozen seafood, canned seafood, lunchmeat), grains (cereal and grains, baked goods), beans, seeds, nuts (beans, nuts), dairy and eggs (milk and dairy, eggs). No. of observations: 2,636. R 2 = 0.334.
Model 3: Included city-level dummy variables to control for potential price differences resulting from spatial heterogeneity. No random effects. Clustered SEs: store level. No. of observations: 2,636. R 2 = 0.334.
Model 4: Included city-level dummy variables to control for potential price differences resulting from spatial heterogeneity. Random effects: food subgroup. Clustered SEs: food subgroup. Clustered errors are equivalent to robust SEs based on the variable associated with the random effects. No. of observations: 2,636. R 2 = 0.335.
Model 5: Included city-level dummy variables. Random effects: store level. Clustered SEs: store level. Clustered errors are equivalent to robust SEs based on the variable associated with the random effects. No. of observations: 2,636. R 2 = 0.335.
P < .01.
P < .05.
P < .10.