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. 2021 Dec 10;27(12):2176–2182. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01595-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 2 — Fig. S2. Analyzing underdiagnoses over subgroups of sex, age, within CheXpert (CXP) dataset. The results are averaged over 5 trained model with different random seed ± 95% CI. A. The underdiagnosis rate is FPR in ‘No Finding’. B. Examining the overdiagnosis rate (‘No Finding’ FNR) over sex and age subgroups, C. The intersectional underdiagnosis rates within only female patients, and D. measure the overdiagnosis rate for the intersectional identities. The subgroups labeled in gray text, with results omitted, indicate the subgroup has too few members (<= 15) to be used reliably. The number of images with actual 0 or 1 ‘No Finding’ label in the age - sex intersections in the test dataset is presented in Supplementary Table 1.