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. 2021 Oct 27;27(12):2111–2119. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01571-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 2 — Numerators and denominators refer to the variable numbers in National Statistics Center, ‘Tokei de miru todofuken shichoson no sugata (shakai jinko tokei taikei) [System of social and demographic statistics (municipality data)]’ https://www.e-stat.go.jp/regional-statistics/ssdsview/municipality (accessed on October 5 and 15, 2020 and February 9, 2021). The year in parenthesis next to the variable A2301 refers to as of when the variable refers to the population. The value of the two variables with asterisk * is equal to zero when the denominator takes the value of zero.

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