Table 2.

Characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity of individuals in León, Nicaragua in the first year of the epidemic (n = 1243)

	Prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval)a
Individual and household characteristics	September–October 2020	February–March 2021
Sex (n = 1240)
Male	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
Female	0.92 (0.76, 1.12)	0.96 (0.81, 1.12)
Age group at enrolment, years (n = 1216)
0–4	0.96 (0.90, 1.03)	1.00 (0.95, 1.06)
5–14
15–29
30–49
50–69
70 +
Smoking status (n = 618)b
Never smoker	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
Ever smoker	0.79 (0.54, 1.16)	0.87 (0.62, 1.22)
Presence of comorbidities (n = 1208)c
No	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
Yes	0.89 (0.63, 1.25)	1.00 (0.74, 1.35)
Physical distancing and use of facial coverings (n = 1215)d
Strict	1.01 (0.86, 1.20)	1.04 (0.89, 1.21)
Moderate
None
Crowding index (n = 1118)
Fewer than 2.7 people per bedroom	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
2.7 or more people per bedroom	0.96 (0.72, 1.27)	0.82 (0.64, 1.04)
Poverty index (n = 1118)e
Not poor	0.99 (0.82, 1.20)	0.94 (0.79, 1.11)
Poor
Extremely poor
Household member is seropositive
No	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
Yes	3.94 (2.80, 5.55)	3.26 (2.32, 4.60)

^aBased on crude seroprevalence estimates.

^bSmoking status assessed among participants older than 13 years of age.

^cDiagnosed by medical professionals as reported by participant, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, malignancy and autoimmune disease.

^dStrict = never left the house since first cases reported or occasionally leaves the house and always uses a mask; moderate = occasionally leaves the house and sometimes uses a mask; none = occasionally leaves the house and never uses a mask or no distancing or quarantine behaviour.

^ePoverty index calculated based on the presence of basic needs, including household sanitation, education, economic dependency and household crowding.