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. 2021 Dec 2;12:787370. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.787370

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Copyright © 2021 Crowe, Quinn, Mark and Findlay.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Timeline of cognitive impairment in kidney failure. The association of cognitive impairment and kidney disease has been recognized for some time with early focus on the neurotoxic effect of kidney failure. Following the advent of dialysis the process of dialysis was responsible for cerebral dysfunction as a result of its own associated initially unrecognized neurotoxin, aluminum. From the early 1990s focus has turned toward other factors associated with kidney failure such as anemia and new dialysis-specific effects.