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. 2021 Dec 15;11:24069. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03406-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Association between metformin use and Alzheimer’s disease risk according to diabetes mellitus (DM) duration and depression. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for multivariable models evaluating associations between metformin use and incident Alzheimer’s disease. (A) Risk of Alzheimer’s disease associated with metformin use according to DM duration (B) Risk of Alzheimer’s disease associated with metformin use in patients with and without depression. Reference is metformin never-users, and the average cDDD per day is presented as quartiles. cDDDs cumulative defined daily doses; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. *Analysis was adjusted for the following covariates: hypertension, ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Diabetes Complications Severity Index, depression, statin use, aspirin use, antiplatelet use, anticoagulant use, antihypertensive drug use, antiarrhythmic drug use, use of antidiabetic medications, fasting blood glucose levels, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol levels, creatinine levels, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity.