Table 1.

Missing data schemes.

Sample size	Data type
	Phenotype	Covariates	Genotype	Gene expression	Methylation
$n_1$	$✓$	$✓$	$✓$	$✓$	$✓$
$n_2$	$✓$	$✓$	$✓$	✗	$✓$
$n_3$	$✓$	$✓$	$✓$	$✓$	✗
$n_4$	$✓$	$✓$	$✓$	✗	✗

Notation: ‘$✓$’ indicates ‘available’, ‘✗’ means ‘missing’ data. For $n_1$ individuals, no data is missing; for $n_2$ $(n_3)$ individuals only gene expression (methylation) data are missing; both gene expression and methylation data are missing for $n_4$ individuals.