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. 2021 Dec 2;12:773013. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773013

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Copyright © 2021 Liu, Su and Chen

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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TP4-mediated macrophage reprogramming. G. vaginalis-secreted virulence factors cause macrophages to exhibit a pro-inflammatory M1 type polarization. Treatment with TP4 switches the M1 macrophages toward resolving (M2c) or tissue repair (M2a) phenotypes. Direct application of TP4 to macrophages induces IL-10 expression via the MAPK/ERK pathway, which results in activation of downstream STAT3 signaling and promotion of M2c-related phenotypes. On the other hand, TP4 promotes vaginal epithelial cells to secret TSG-6, which in turn induces activation of downstream STAT6 signaling and promotes M2a-related phenotypes.