Table 2.

Summary of Studies.

Author	Country and setting	Study aim	Study design/methods	Identified masculinity (theoretical background)	Sample size	Population	Themes	Quality rating
Adams (2011)	North East America Large Liberal College	Identify existence of more inclusive versions of masculinity	Ethnography Participant observation In-depth Interviews	Metrosexual Inclusive	21	18- to 22-year-old Heterosexual male soccer players	Decreased levels of homophobia Emotional bonding Physical contact “metrosexuality’	10/10 a
Anderson (2005)	USA College	To examine the construction of masculinity among college-age heterosexual male cheerleaders	Qualitative Participant observation In-depth Interviews Focus groups	Orthodox masculinity Inclusive masculinity	68	18- to 23-year-old Heterosexual male cheerleaders	Rejection of orthodox masculinity Respect for women Acceptance of gender diversity	7/10 a
Anderson (2008)	USA University	To identify how masculinity is constructed in the setting of university cheerleading	Ethnography Participant observation In-depth Interviews	Inclusive masculinity	32	18- to 23-year-old males Members of fraternity	Rejection of homophobia, misogyny Emotional intimacy Rejection of orthodox masculine tenets and hyper-masculinity	9/10 a
Anderson (2011)	Mid-West America Catholic university	Investigate relationship b/w antifemininity, homophobia & the construction of masculinity in this setting	Ethnography Participant observation In-depth Interviews	Inclusive masculinity	22	18- to 22-year-old males members of university soccer team	Decreased levels of homophobia Demonstrations of emotional and physical intimacy Avoidance of fights and violence	10/10 a
Anderson (2012)	England High school students	To Identify Inclusive Masculinity in a sport education setting	Ethnography Participant observation In-depth Interviews	Inclusive masculinity	16	Sixth form males 15 heterosexual, one gay	Absence of homophobia Increase of emotional support between male friends Abatement of violence Decrease of hyper-masculine behavior	9/10 a
Anderson & McCormack (2015)	British university	To examine forms of homosocial intimacy among heterosexual males To explore implications of these behaviors	Qualitative In-depth semi-structured Interviews	Inclusive masculinity	40	18- to 19-year-old males Student athletes All heterosexual	Decreased levels of homophobia Homosocial physical tactility	8/10 a
Anderson & McGuire (2010)	England University rugby team	To examine how this cohort, construct their masculinity in opposition to many aspects of orthodox masculinity.	Ethnography Participant observation In-depth Interviews	Inclusive masculinity	24	18- to 22-year-old males Heterosexual	Rejection/contestation of misogyny &homophobia Decreased excessive risk taking Emotional support of each other	10/10 a
Anderson, et al. (2019)	USA 11 geographically diverse universities	To understand the frequency, context and meanings of same-sex kissing	Mixed method study Quantitative surveys In-depth interviews	Inclusive masculinity Contemporary masculinity	442 Surveys 75 interview	18- to 25-year-old males	Decreased levels of homophobia Homosocial kissing	8/10 a 8/9 b
Blanchard et al. (2017)	England Christian school	To examine the social dynamics of masculinities in 6th form college in a small town in the northeast of England	Ethnography Participant observation Semi-structured interviews	Inclusive Masculinity	15	Working class 16- to 19-year-old boys	Positive attitudes toward homosexuality Physical touching Emotional sharing	10/10 a
Brandth & Kvande (2018)	Norway	Explores how the masculine identities of employed fathers may be affected by caring.	Qualitative Interviews	Caring Masculinity Inclusive Masculinity Critical positive masculinity	12	Fathers who used their entire quota of parental leave to care for child home alone on a full-time basis	Rejection of traditional gender roles Developing intimate relationships with children Putting children and family first Caring and connecting	9/10 a
Caruso & Roberts (2018)	Australia Body Positivity for Guys (Online Blog)	To analyze the complex ways that men construct, represent and perform masculinity on a men’s body-positivity Tumblr blog called Body Positivity for Guys.	Instrumental case study collection of visual and textual data from BPfG	Hegemonic Masculinity &Inclusive Masculinity		Male or masculine-identifying BPfG members	Acceptance of diversity, sexuality, race, gender Rejection of homophobia and misogyny Emotional vulnerability	8/10 a
Drummond et al. (2014)	Australia university	To examine if the cultural shift in homosocial intimacy is evident among Australian undergraduate men.	Qualitative Questionnaire	Inclusive Masculinity	90	Heterosexual undergraduate men 18- to 25-year-old	Decreased levels of homophobia Homosocial kissing	8/10 a 8/9 b
Fine (2019)	USA -online	To examine how the McElroy brothers are exemplars of how nerds, queer, contemporary masculinity discourse	Qualitative Thematic Analysis	Nerd masculinity	41 episodes	McElroy brothers—2 podcasts	Rejection of traditional masculinity norms Eschew misogyny, homophobia and transphobia Emotional openness	8/10 a
Finn and Henwood (2009)	UK Norfolk	A psychosocial exploration of the identificatory positionings that are apparent in men’s talk of becoming first-time fathers.	Qualitative Interviews & focus groups	Traditional & New masculinity	30	Heterosexual men aged between 18 and 40	Rejection of traditional fatherhood role and norms Caring Involved Emotionally connected	7/10 a
Gottzén & Kremer-Sadlick (2012)	USA Los Angeles	Examines how men juggle two contrasting cultural models of masculinity when fathering through sports—a performance-oriented orthodox masculinity that historically has been associated with sports and a caring, inclusive masculinity that promotes the nurturing of one’s children.	Ethnography Video of family activities (4 day) Semi-structured interviews	Orthodox Masculinity & Inclusive Masculinity	30	Heterosexual families Middleclass families, both parents work, 2–3 children, pay mortgage on own home	Caring Involved Emotionally connected Less traditional ways of fathering	7/10 a
Greenebaum & Dexter (2018)	USA	This research explores how 20 vegan men explain veganism in relation to patriarchal, hegemonic masculinity.	Grounded theory interviews	Hybrid Masculinity	20	Males 21–76 years old Median age 39.5	Rejection of sexist attitudes and traditional masculine stereotypes Compassion Caring	7/10 a
Hall et al. (2012)	UK MacRumors website	To study an internet forum, using membership categorization analysis (Sacks 1972; 1992) to investigate the deployment of metrosexuality and related identity categories.	Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA) Analysis of text	Metrosexuality		Forum members, identifying as male	Rejecting traditional masculine norms Adopting interest in looks, grooming, clothes Metrosexual	8/10 a
Henwood & Procter (2003)	UK Norfolk	Investigates men’s responses to contemporary sociocultural transformations in masculinity and fatherhood, and revised expectations of them as fathers.	Qualitative Semi-structured Interviews	Traditional Masculinity & New masculinity	30	Men aged 18–35	Putting children first Presence, involvement Nurturing, caring	7/10
Jarvis (2013)	UK	To explore the relationship between straight men joining gay teams in a context of changing masculinities	Qualitative Interviews	New masculinities	12	Diverse range of self-identified straight men living in the UK,	Shifting attitudes toward homosexuality Rejection of traditional masculinity norms	7/10 a
Jóhannsdóttir & Gíslason (2018)	Iceland	To explore young men’s perceptions of new masculinities	Qualitative Semi-structured interviews	New & Inclusive Masculinity	9	Males 18–25 years old (no children)	Dissatisfaction with restrictions imposed by traditional masculinity norms Decreasing homophobia, misogyny Changing gender roles, Emotional and physical intimacy with same sex friends Caring Freedom of choice	7/10 a
Johansson (2011)	Sweden	To explore how men, think, communicate and reason on fatherhood and parenthood	Qualitative In depth interviews and case studies	New masculinities	4	Men who split paternity leave with their spouse	Rejection of traditional fatherhood role/gender roles Prioritize family, intimate relationships and emotional experiences Seek work/family balance	7/10 a
Lee & Lee (2018)	USA	To examine stay at home fathers lived experiences through the perspective of the theory of caring masculinities	Grounded Theory Semi structured interviews	Caring masculinity	25	Stay at Home fathers	Rejecting traditional masculinity/gender roles Embracing affective, relational and emotional qualities of care Hands on care giving	7/10 a
Magrath & Scoats (2019)	England	To explore if men described as exhibiting inclusive masculinities at university continue to do so—and to what degree—as they enter the workplace and develop family ties.	Qualitative Semi-structured interviews	Inclusive Masculinity	10	Men, now aged 28–31, who participated in a previous study by Anderson, E (2009)	Emotional intimacy Pro-gay Physical intimacy less than when at university Re-affirming of previous rejection of traditional norms Thus, this research contributes to IMT as it offers preliminary analysis into the friendships of inclusive men, after their time at university.	8/10 a
McCormack (2011)	UK Secondary school	Examines how boys’ masculinities are predicated in opposition to the orthodox values of homophobia, misogyny, and aggressiveness.	Ethnography Participant observation In-depth interviews observation	Inclusive masculinity theory	12	16- to 18-year-old males in school Upper middle class	Rejection of homophobia, misogyny and aggression Emotional support of peers.	10/10 a
McCormack (2014)	UK Secondary school	Examines the emergence of progressive attitudes toward homosexuality among working-class boys in a sixth form in the south of England	Ethnography Participant observation In-depth interviews	Inclusive masculinity theory	10	Males in 6th form at a school in working class area	Decreased levels of homophobia Homosocial tactility Valuing of friendship Emotional closeness However, these behaviors are less pronounced than documented among middle-class boys,	9/10 a
Morales & Caffyn-Parsons (2017)	USA High school	To describe and explicate modern adolescents gendered behavior,	Ethnography Participant and non-participant observation In-depth interviews	Inclusive masculinity theory	10	16–17-year-old males Heterosexual Cross country runners	Absence of homophobia Homosocial tactility Emotional intimacy Non-violent conflict management	9/10 a
Morris & Anderson (2015)	Britain	To examine how (these) young men developed and exhibit their inclusive masculinities an attitude’s which we postulate are a reflection of dominant youth culture	Qualitative Interpretive video analysis and 1 in-depth interview	Inclusive Masculinity		Britain’s top 4 male vloggers	Rejection of traditional masculinity norms Association with homosexuality and femininity Displays of homosocial tactility Pro-gay discourse vulnerability	7/10 a
Pfaffendorf (2017)	USA	Examines how privileged young men in Western TBS program for substance abuse construct hybrid masculinities to navigate masculinity dilemmas that arise in the therapeutic context	Ethnography In depth interviews	Hybrid Masculinity	34	School alumni and staff who were 18 or older	Distancing from traditional hegemony Decreased levels of homophobia Sensitive of others Caring	10/10 a
Roberts (2018)	England	To examine data from a qualitative, longitudinal study of English young men’s negotiation and performance of masculinity during their transitions to adulthood.	Digital Ethnography Longitudinal Interviews Digital observation	Inclusive masculinity theory	24	18–24-year-old males	Rejection of traditional masculinity norms Shifting of gendered ‘work’ roles.	8/10 a
Roberts et al. (2017)	England	To investigate the performances and understandings of masculinity in relation to decreasing homo-hysteria.	Ethnography Interviews Observation	Inclusive masculinity theory	22	Elite level soccer players 16–18 years old Heterosexual Working class	Decreased levels of homophobia Emotional closeness Physical contact	7/10 a
Robinson et al. (2018)	UK university	The present study provides the first known qualitative examination of heterosexual undergraduate men’s conceptualization and experiences of the bromance, outside research on cinematic representations	Qualitative Semi-structured interviews	Inclusive masculinity theory	30	Undergraduate men enrolled in 4 undergraduate sport-degree programs at one university in the UK Middle class	Decreased levels of homophobia Emotionally intimate Physically demonstrative trust	10/10 a
Scoats (2017)	Britain	To determine if heterosexual men’s online identities encompassed a more inclusive style of masculinity, compared with previously dominant orthodox constructions.	Qualitative Summative content analysis	Inclusive Masculinity	44	Heterosexual, white, males 18–20 years old attending university sports course	homosocial tactility, dancing with and kissing other men distancing from orthodox masculine archetypes. Altered gendered behavior patterns	8/10 a
White & Hobson (2017)	UK Secondary schools	To establish how PE teachers, understand and construct masculinities within the educational environment.	Qualitative in-depth interviews	Inclusive masculinity theory	17	English male PE teachers	Emotionally open Embracing more effeminate clothing Increasingly physically tactile	7/10 a

^aJBI Critical appraisal checklist for Qualitative research score.

^bJBI Critical appraisal checklist for Prevalence score.