Table 2.
Prevalence of NAFLD stages among male and female.
| Male | Female | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | No/mild (<260) | Moderate (260–290) | Severe (>290) | p-value | Overall | No/mild (<260) | Moderate (260–290) | Severe (>290) | p-value | |
| Overall | 1,596 (48.2%) | 745 (47.5%) | 254 (16.0%) | 597 (36.5%) | 1,696 (51.8%) | 923 (56.4%) | 285 (16.2%) | 488 (27.4%) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | <0.0001 | 0.059 | ||||||||
| Mexican American | 212 (8.8) | 62 (28.3) | 39 (17.6) | 111 (54.1) | 229 (8.1) | 95 (45.5) | 36 (16.8) | 98 (37.7) | ||
| Other Hispanic | 140 (6.2) | 66 (56.3) | 23 (14.8) | 51 (28.8) | 146 (5.9) | 81 (56.4) | 21 (12.7) | 44 (30.9) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 588 (65.7) | 259 (47.6) | 90 (15.3) | 239 (37.1) | 632 (65.6) | 346 (56.9) | 104 (15.7) | 182 (27.4) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 348 (9.5) | 208 (60.7) | 50 (15.3) | 90 (24.0) | 370 (10.3) | 216 (61.6) | 65 (16.7) | 89 (21.6) | ||
| Other race | 308 (9.8) | 150 (45.6) | 52 (21.1) | 106 (33.3) | 319 (10.1) | 185 (57.0) | 59 (20.2) | 75 (22.9) | ||
| Age (years) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| 18–19 | 80 (3.3) | 59 (81.1) | 5 (5.8) | 16 (13.1) | 85 (3.2) | 71 (86.3) | 5 (5.1) | 9 (8.5) | ||
| 20–34 | 356 (29.7) | 206 (60.3) | 47 (10.9) | 103 (28.7) | 386 (25.1) | 273 (71.8) | 50 (12.1) | 63 (16.1) | ||
| 35–49 | 334 (23.7) | 146 (47.3) | 52 (15.9) | 136 (36.8) | 394 (23.6) | 206 (54.6) | 72 (18.8) | 116 (26.5) | ||
| 50–64 | 447 (26.8) | 172 (34.7) | 85 (19.9) | 190 (45.4) | 475 (28.3) | 205 (48.7) | 88 (17.5) | 182 (33.8) | ||
| 65+ | 379 (16.5) | 162 (38.5) | 65 (21.1) | 152 (40.4) | 356 (19.8) | 168 (45.4) | 70 (17.9) | 118 (36.8) | ||
| Education | 0.068 | 0.039 | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 322 (11.0) | 153 (46.3) | 54 (21.7) | 115 (31.9) | 254 (8.8) | 133 (55.3) | 41 (17.3) | 80 (27.5) | ||
| High school | 406 (29.6) | 200 (48.6) | 61 (12.7) | 145 (38.7) | 415 (26.8) | 221 (52.6) | 59 (15.2) | 135 (32.2) | ||
| Some college | 484 (29.0) | 215 (45.7) | 70 (12.8) | 199 (41.5) | 613 (32.5) | 321 (52.0) | 110 (17.0) | 182 (30.9) | ||
| At least college degree | 384 (30.3) | 177 (48.5) | 69 (20.4) | 138 (31.2) | 414 (31.9) | 248 (64.6) | 75 (15.7) | 91 (19.7) | ||
| Language spoken at home | 0.522 | 0.182 | ||||||||
| English | 1,141 (82.2) | 556 (48.2) | 176 (16.4) | 409 (35.4) | 1,217 (83.6) | 688 (57.8) | 200 (15.7) | 329 (26.5) | ||
| Spanish | 106 (3.5) | 34 (33.3) | 20 (18.0) | 52 (48.6) | 113 (3.5) | 49 (44.7) | 20 (16.8) | 44 (38.5) | ||
| Both | 173 (7.7) | 70 (45.2) | 26 (12.2) | 77 (42.6) | 184 (7.1) | 85 (49.8) | 27 (16.2) | 72 (34.0) | ||
| Other | 176 (6.6) | 85 (48.4) | 32 (15.4) | 59 (36.2) | 182 (5.9) | 101 (52.7) | 38 (21.6) | 43 (25.7) | ||
| Federal income ratio (FIR) | 0.108 | 0.648 | ||||||||
| <1 | 281 (10.6) | 157 (58.8) | 29 (10.2) | 95 (31.0) | 335 (14.1) | 188 (56.5) | 51 (15.2) | 96 (28.3) | ||
| 1–2 | 430 (18.4) | 190 (47.2) | 70 (16.1) | 170 (36.7) | 460 (20.7) | 245 (55.5) | 85 (19.5) | 130 (25.0) | ||
| >2 | 885 (71.1) | 398 (45.9) | 155 (16.9) | 332 (37.2) | 901 (65.2) | 490 (56.7) | 149 (15.3) | 262 (28.0) | ||
| Waist-hip ratio | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Healthy | 990 (64.6) | 593 (62.2) | 160 (14.7) | 237 (23.1) | 452 (29.4) | 373 (86.7) | 43 (6.8) | 36 (6.5) | ||
| Risk for women (≥0.85%)/risk for men (≥1.0%) | 606 (35.4) | 152 (20.6) | 94 (18.4) | 360 (61.0) | 1,244 (70.6) | 550 (43.8) | 242 (20.0) | 452 (36.1) | ||
| BMI | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Normal or healthy (<25) | 416 (23.5) | 350 (87.8) | 35 (6.2) | 31 (6.0) | 518 (32.2) | 443 (89.4) | 48 (7.4) | 27 (3.2) | ||
| Overweight (25– <30) | 586 (35.2) | 280 (50.8) | 130 (23.8) | 176 (25.4) | 465 (27.0) | 264 (57.9) | 78 (17.0) | 123 (25.1) | ||
| Obese (≥30) | 594 (41.3) | 115 (21.6) | 89 (15.0) | 390 (63.3) | 713 (40.8) | 216 (29.5) | 159 (22.5) | 338 (48.1) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||
| Current | 317 (17.1) | 203 (64.9) | 33 (11.7) | 81 (23.4) | 233 (14.2) | 130 (54.8) | 37 (18.6) | 66 (26.5) | ||
| Former | 466 (31.1) | 168 (38.4) | 89 (19.3) | 209 (42.3) | 292 (18.0) | 134 (46.7) | 48 (18.0) | 110 (35.4) | ||
| Non-smoker | 813 (51.7) | 374 (47.2) | 132 (15.5) | 307 (37.3) | 1,171 (67.8) | 659 (59.4) | 200 (15.1) | 312 (25.5) | ||
| Physical activity | 0.024 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Inactive | 294 (14.3) | 113 (36.7) | 45 (15.3) | 136 (48.0) | 439 (22.5) | 205 (48.2) | 88 (19.0) | 146 (32.9) | ||
| Does not meet guideline | 205 (12.6) | 88 (38.1) | 28 (17.2) | 89 (44.7) | 310 (17.7) | 153 (46.6) | 49 (12.8) | 108 (40.6) | ||
| Meets guidelines | 1,097 (73.1) | 544 (51.2) | 181 (16.0) | 372 (32.8) | 947 (59.8) | 565 (62.5) | 148 (16.1) | 234 (21.4) | ||
| Healthy eating index | 0.537 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Poor diet | 1,154 (72.9) | 542 (46.9) | 179 (15.5) | 433 (37.6) | 1,150 (70.0) | 615 (52.5) | 200 (18.0) | 335 (29.4) | ||
| Needs improvement | 404 (25.0) | 185 (47.7) | 68 (18.3) | 151 (34.0) | 483 (26.8) | 275 (64.7) | 72 (11.7) | 136 (23.6) | ||
| Good diet | 38 (2.0) | 18 (64.7) | 7 (8.6) | 13 (26.7) | 63 (3.1) | 33 (73.2) | 13 (12.2) | 17 (14.5) | ||
| Serum cholesterol | 0.006 | 0.125 | ||||||||
| Good (<200 mg/dL) | 1,075 (65.9) | 527 (50.8) | 167 (16.5) | 381 (32.8) | 1,062 (59.7) | 616 (59.7) | 163 (14.9) | 283 (25.4) | ||
| Elevated (200–239 mg/dL) | 374 (24.6) | 163 (43.8) | 64 (16.1) | 147 (40.1) | 451 (29.4) | 221 (50.7) | 83 (16.7) | 147 (32.6) | ||
| High (≥240 mg/dL) | 147 (9.5) | 55 (34.1) | 23 (12.7) | 69 (53.2) | 183 (10.9) | 86 (53.7) | 39 (21.7) | 58 (24.6) | ||
| High-density lipoproteins | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Low (<40 mg/dL) | 410 (23.9) | 118 (30.5) | 69 (15.4) | 223 (54.1) | 146 (7.6) | 39 (22.2) | 22 (15.1) | 85 (62.7) | ||
| Borderline risk (40–59 mg/dL) | 920 (60.7) | 444 (47.9) | 147 (16.9) | 329 (35.1) | 865 (48.8) | 409 (48.7) | 154 (16.9) | 302 (34.4) | ||
| Healthy (≥60 mg/dL) | 266 (15.5) | 183 (71.9) | 38 (13.6) | 45 (14.6) | 685 (43.6) | 475 (71.0) | 109 (15.5) | 101 (13.5) | ||
| Serum triglycerides | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Normal (<150 mg/dL) | 990 (61.0) | 575 (60.0) | 143 (15.0) | 272 (24.9) | 1,246 (73.5) | 795 (66.3) | 196 (14.8) | 255 (18.9) | ||
| Borderline (150–199 mg/dL) | 255 (16.3) | 89 (33.5) | 56 (21.3) | 110 (45.2) | 250 (15.4) | 76 (34.8) | 57 (24.0) | 117 (41.3) | ||
| High (≥200 mg/dL) | 351 (22.6) | 81 (23.7) | 55 (14.9) | 215 (61.4) | 200 (11.1) | 52 (21.2) | 32 (14.1) | 116 (64.7) | ||
| High-sensitivity CRP | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Normal (0.1– <1 mg/dL) | 522 (33.1) | 331 (65.8) | 72 (13.1) | 119 (21.1) | 482 (29.4) | 374 (78.4) | 65 (11.8) | 43 (9.9) | ||
| Mild inflammation (1– <3 mg/dL) | 635 (40.8) | 265 (42.2) | 115 (19.7) | 255 (38.0) | 536 (31.8) | 294 (57.4) | 102 (19.6) | 140 (23.0) | ||
| Significant inflammation (3– <10 mg/dL) | 370 (21.9) | 125 (33.1) | 52 (14.4) | 193 (52.5) | 514 (29.6) | 203 (40.9) | 92 (16.4) | 219 (42.8) | ||
| High significant inflammation (≥10 mg/dL) | 69 (4.2) | 24 (29.1) | 15 (11.4) | 30 (59.4) | 164 (9.1) | 52 (33.1) | 26 (17.5) | 86 (49.4) | ||
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | 0.452 | 0.012 | ||||||||
| Normal (≤ 40 U/L) | 1,518 (94.3) | 714 (47.9) | 247 (16.3) | 557 (35.8) | 1,647 (97.7) | 903 (56.9) | 277 (16.2) | 467 (26.9) | ||
| Elevated (>40 U/L) | 78 (5.7) | 31 (40.4) | 7 (11.6) | 40 (48.0) | 49 (2.3) | 20 (37.0) | 8 (14.8) | 21 (48.2) | ||
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | 0.062 | 0.022 | ||||||||
| Normal (≤ 56 U/L) | 1,513 (94.3) | 722 (48.5) | 244 (16.2) | 547 (35.4) | 1,666 (98.4) | 912 (56.7) | 282 (16.3) | 472 (27.0) | ||
| Elevated (>56 U/L) | 83 (5.7) | 23 (31.1) | 10 (13.9) | 50 (55.0) | 30 (1.6) | 11 (40.1) | 3 (10.2) | 16 (49.8) | ||
| Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Healthy (<5.7%) | 876 (66.5) | 499 (57.7) | 126 (15.6) | 251 (26.7) | 1,026 (67.9) | 695 (66.9) | 161 (16.0) | 170 (17.1) | ||
| Pre-diabetes (5.7–6.4%) | 489 (23.7) | 187 (31.5) | 97 (18.4) | 205 (50.1) | 464 (23.8) | 191 (41.0) | 88 (17.7) | 185 (41.3) | ||
| Diabetes (≥6.5%) | 231 (9.9) | 59 (17.2) | 31 (13.3) | 141 (69.5) | 206 (8.3) | 37 (15.2) | 36 (12.9) | 133 (71.9) | ||