Table 4.

Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the relationship between NAFLD and race/ethnicity (reference = no/mild NAFLD).

Reference = no/mild NAFLD	Moderate (260–290)		Severe (>290)
	AOR [95% CI]	p-value	AOR [95% CI]	p-value
Race/Ethnicity
Mexican-American vs. non-Hispanic White	1.9 [1.1–3.4]	0.0178	2.4 [1.4–4.2]	0.0015
Other Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic White	0.9 [0.5–1.4]	0.5159	0.7 [0.4–1.2]	0.1807
Non-Hispanic Black vs. non-Hispanic White	0.9 [0.6–1.3]	0.5245	0.5 [0.4–0.7]	<0.0001
Other race vs. non-Hispanic White	1.7 [0.9–3.1]	0.1010	1.0 [0.6–1.8]	0.9419
Age (years)
18–19 vs. 20–34	0.6 [0.3–1.3]	0.1904	0.6 [0.3–1.2]	0.1671
35–49 vs. 20–34	1.4 [1.0–2.1]	0.0723	1.2 [0.8–1.7]	0.3900
50–64 vs. 20–34	2.3 [1.3–4.3]	0.0059	2.1 [1.4–3.1]	0.0007
65+ vs. 20–34	2.0 [1.1–3.7]	0.0346	1.6 [0.9–2.7]	0.0932
Education
Less than high school vs. high school	1.4 [1.0–2.0]	0.0373	0.7 [0.4–1.2]	0.2138
Some college vs. high school	1.2 [0.7–2.0]	0.5723	1.1 [0.7–1.9]	0.6944
At least college degree vs. high school	1.4 [0.8–2.7]	0.2785	0.9 [0.5–1.6]	0.7864
Language spoken at home
Spanish vs. English	0.8 [0.5–1.4]	0.4419	0.8 [0.5–1.4]	0.4560
Both vs. English	0.8 [0.5–1.4]	0.4874	1.1 [0.6–2.0]	0.8350
Other vs. English	1.2 [0.6–2.5]	0.5989	1.5 [0.8–3.0]	0.2312
Federal income ratio (FIR)
<1 vs. >2	0.8 [0.6–1.1]	0.2188	0.8 [0.6–1.2]	0.2640
1–2 vs. >2	1.1 [0.7–1.8]	0.6418	0.9 [0.6–1.2]	0.3799
Waist-hip ratio
Risk for women (≥0.85)/risk for men (≥1.0) vs. healthy	1.7 [1.1–2.8]	0.0249	1.8 [1.2–2.7]	0.0041
BMI
Overweight (25– <30) vs. normal (<25)	3.9 [2.4–6.6]	<0.0001	7.1 [3.9–13.1]	<0.0001
Obese (≥30) vs. normal (<25)	6.5 [3.7–11.6]	<0.0001	24.8 [11.9–51.9]	<0.0001
Smoking status
Current vs. never	0.9 [0.6–1.4]	0.5794	0.7 [0.5–1.1]	0.1166
Former vs. never	1.2 [0.9–1.6]	0.3316	1.2 [0.9–1.7]	0.2279
Alcohol use
Current vs. never	1.4 [0.9–2.3]	0.1269	0.7 [0.4–1.2]	0.1888
Former vs. never	1.4 [0.9–2.3]	0.1717	0.6 [0.3–1.1]	0.1136
Physical activity
Inactive vs. meets guidelines	1.0 [0.8–1.4]	0.8087	1.2 [0.9–1.8]	0.2674
Does not meet guidelines vs. meets guidelines	0.9 [0.5–1.6]	0.6670	1.4 [0.9–2.2]	0.1557
Healthy eating index
Poor diet vs. good diet	1.6 [0.7–3.9]	0.2610	0.9 [0.2–3.9]	0.9219
Needs improvement vs. good diet	1.2 [0.5–3.3]	0.6525	0.9 [0.2–3.4]	0.8771
Serum cholesterol
Elevated (200–239 mg/dL) vs. good (<200 mg/dL)	0.8 [0.5–1.2]	0.2176	0.9 [0.7–1.3]	0.7105
High (≥240 mg/dL) vs. good (<200 mg/dL)	0.8 [0.6–1.1]	0.1756	0.8 [0.6–1.1]	0.1753
High-density lipoproteins
Low (<40 mg/dL) vs. healthy (≥60 mg/dL)	1.2 [0.6–2.7]	0.5843	2.7 [1.6–4.7]	0.0003
Borderline risk (40–59 mg/dL) vs. healthy (≥60 mg/dL)	1.2 [0.8–1.7]	0.4582	1.8 [1.2–2.6]	0.0032
Serum triglycerides
Borderline (150–199 mg/dL) vs. normal (<150 mg/dL)	1.8 [1.3–2.4]	0.0009	1.7 [1.0–2.8]	0.0375
High (≥200 mg/dL) vs. normal (<150 mg/dL)	1.7 [1.3–2.4]	0.0007	2.9 [1.9–4.4]	<0.0001
High-sensitivity CRP
Mild inflammation (1–3 mg/dL) vs. normal (<1 mg/dL)	1.4 [0.9–2.2]	0.1638	1.2 [0.7–2.0]	0.4566
Significant inflammation (3–10 mg/dL) vs. normal (<1 mg/dL)	1.1 [0.7–1.7]	0.7856	1.4 [0.8–2.5]	0.2684
High significant inflammation (≥10 mg/dL)	1.3 [0.8–2.0]	0.2317	1.8 [0.8–4.0]	0.1597
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Elevated (>40 U/L) vs. normal (≤ 40 U/L)	1.4 [0.3–6.3]	0.6815	1.9 [0.7–5.0]	0.2018
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Elevated (>56 U/L) vs. normal (≤ 56 U/L)	1.3 [0.3–4.6]	0.7310	1.9 [0.6–6.2]	0.2611
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
Pre-diabetes vs. healthy (<5.7%)	1.3 [0.9–1.9]	0.2221	2.4 [1.7–3.6]	<0.0001
Diabetes (≥6.5%) vs. healthy (<5.7%)	1.6 [0.9–2.8]	0.1469	5.0 [2.6–9.3]	<0.0001

Bold = statistically significant at p < 0.05.