Table 6.
Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the relationship between NAFLD and race/ethnicity by gender (reference = no/mild NAFLD).
| Reference = no/mild NAFLD | Male | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate (260–290) | Severe (>290) | Moderate (260–290) | Severe (>290) | |||||
| AOR [95% CI] | p-value | AOR [95% CI] | p-value | AOR [95% CI] | p-value | AOR [95% CI] | p-value | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Mexican Americans vs. non-Hispanic White | 4.5 [1.7–11.7] | 0.0020 | 5.0 [2.1–12.0] | 0.0003 | 0.9 [0.4–2.3] | 0.8628 | 1.8 [0.6–5.8] | 0.3296 |
| Other Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic White | 1.2 [0.5–2.6] | 0.7152 | 0.7 [0.3–2.2] | 0.5927 | 0.5 [0.2–1.6] | 0.2700 | 0.9 [0.3–2.9] | 0.9131 |
| Non-Hispanic Black vs. non-Hispanic White | 1.0 [0.5–1.9] | 0.9972 | 0.5 [0.3–0.9] | 0.0212 | 0.7 [0.5–1.1] | 0.1076 | 0.5 [0.3–0.9] | 0.0101 |
| Other race vs. non-Hispanic White | 2.3 [0.9–5.9] | 0.0788 | 1.3 [0.7–2.6] | 0.3878 | 1.2 [0.6–2.5] | 0.6419 | 0.8 [0.4–1.9] | 0.6667 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 18–19 vs. 20–34 | 0.6 [0.2–2.0] | 0.3815 | 0.6 [0.3–1.3] | 0.2346 | 0.6 [0.1–2.7] | 0.5121 | 0.6 [0.2–2.2] | 0.4404 |
| 35–49 vs. 20–34 | 1.3 [0.6–2.9] | 0.5466 | 1.1 [0.6–2.0] | 0.7388 | 1.6 [0.8–3.2] | 0.2128 | 1.6 [0.7–3.5] | 0.2865 |
| 50–64 vs. 20–34 | 2.8 [1.5–5.6] | 0.0023 | 2.3 [1.2–4.3] | 0.0111 | 1.9 [0.9–3.8] | 0.0747 | 2.4 [1.4–4.0] | 0.0014 |
| 65+ vs. 20–34 | 2.4 [1.1–5.1] | 0.0202 | 1.4 [0.7–2.8] | 0.3110 | 1.7 [0.7–4.1] | 0.2375 | 2.2 [1.1–4.7] | 0.0324 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than high school vs. high school | 2.2 [1.1–4.2] | 0.0196 | 0.8 [0.5–1.4] | 0.4710 | 1.0 [0.6–1.7] | 0.8996 | 0.6 [0.2–1.5] | 0.2680 |
| Some college vs. high school | 0.9 [0.5–1.5] | 0.6436 | 1.0 [0.5–2.0] | 0.9845 | 1.5 [0.9–2.8] | 0.1479 | 1.4 [0.8–2.4] | 0.2869 |
| At least college degree vs. high school | 1.3 [0.6–2.7] | 0.5380 | 0.8 [0.5–1.3] | 0.3531 | 1.4 [0.6–3.0] | 0.4505 | 1.0 [0.4–2.6] | 0.9502 |
| Language spoken at home | ||||||||
| Spanish vs. English | 0.4 [0.1–1.1] | 0.0634 | 0.4 [0.1–1.4] | 0.1506 | 2.1 [0.6–7.6] | 0.2758 | 1.1 [0.2–5.6] | 0.8652 |
| Both vs. English | 0.3 [0.1–1.0] | 0.0546 | 0.6 [0.2–2.2] | 0.4489 | 2.1 [0.8–5.6] | 0.1429 | 1.3 [0.4–4.2] | 0.6568 |
| Other vs. English | 0.8 [0.4–1.6] | 0.4946 | 1.7 [0.6–4.4] | 0.3139 | 1.8 [0.7–4.6] | 0.2155 | 1.7 [0.8–3.7] | 0.1983 |
| Federal income ratio (FIR) | ||||||||
| <1 vs. >2 | 0.7 [0.3–1.4] | 0.2760 | 0.9 [0.5–1.8] | 0.8686 | 0.9 [0.5–1.6] | 0.6853 | 0.8 [0.5–1.4] | 0.4980 |
| 1–2 vs. >2 | 1.2 [0.8–1.7] | 0.4381 | 1.3 [0.7–2.4] | 0.3633 | 1.1 [0.6–2.0] | 0.8161 | 0.7 [0.4–1.1] | 0.0815 |
| Waist-hip ratio | ||||||||
| Risk for women (≥0.85)/risk for men (≥1.0) vs. healthy | 1.6 [0.8–2.9] | 0.1518 | 1.9 [1.2–3.0] | 0.0036 | 3.0 [1.3–6.8] | 0.0073 | 2.9 [1.4–6.0] | 0.0042 |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Overweight (25– <30) vs. normal (<25) | 5.3 [2.9–9.6] | <0.0001 | 5.9 [3.2–11.2] | <0.0001 | 2.5 [1.3–4.8] | 0.0053 | 8.1 [4.3–15.3] | <0.0001 |
| Obese (≥30) vs. normal (<25) | 6.9 [3.3–14.6] | <0.0001 | 30.6 [14.1–66.3] | <0.0001 | 6.4 [3.4–12.0] | <0.0001 | 21.0 [7.7–57.6] | <0.0001 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Current vs. never | 0.5 [0.2–1.4] | 0.1854 | 0.5 [0.2–0.9] | 0.0209 | 1.2 [0.8–1.8] | 0.4637 | 1.0 [0.6–1.6] | 0.9229 |
| Former vs. never | 1.0 [0.6–1.8] | 0.8638 | 1.0 [0.7–1.6] | 0.8662 | 1.0 [0.6–1.8] | 0.9425 | 1.0 [0.7–1.6] | 0.9411 |
| Alcohol use | ||||||||
| Current vs. never | 1.2 [0.7–2.4] | 0.5136 | 0.6 [0.3–1.3] | 0.2230 | 1.4 [0.8–2.4] | 0.2807 | 0.7 [0.3–1.5] | 0.3233 |
| Former vs. never | 1.1 [0.4–2.9] | 0.8811 | 0.4 [0.2–0.9] | 0.0278 | 1.4 [0.6–3.1] | 0.4336 | 0.7 [0.3–1.6] | 0.4653 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Inactive vs. meets guidelines | 1.1 [0.5–2.2] | 0.7924 | 1.9 [1.1–3.4] | 0.0258 | 1.0 [0.6–1.6] | 0.9031 | 1.1 [0.6–2.1] | 0.7934 |
| Does not meet guidelines vs. meets guidelines | 1.0 [0.5–2.1] | 0.9900 | 1.3 [0.7–2.3] | 0.3704 | 0.8 [0.4–1.5] | 0.5128 | 1.8 [0.9–3.6] | 0.0707 |
| Healthy eating index | ||||||||
| Poor diet vs. good diet | 2.6 [0.6–10.8] | 0.1841 | 0.9 [0.1–7.7] | 0.9529 | 1.2 [0.3–3.9] | 0.8100 | 0.9 [0.3–3.0] | 0.9028 |
| Needs improvement vs. good diet | 2.5 [0.6–9.7] | 0.1947 | 1.2 [0.2–9.0] | 0.8682 | 0.7 [0.2–2.1] | 0.5085 | 0.7 [0.3–1.9] | 0.4773 |
| Serum cholesterol | ||||||||
| Elevated (200–239 mg/dL) vs. good (<200 mg/dL) | 0.6 [0.4–0.9] | 0.0243 | 0.6 [0.3–1.1] | 0.1125 | 1.1 [0.7–1.6] | 0.7665 | 1.2 [0.8–2.0] | 0.3699 |
| High (≥240 mg/dL) vs. good (<200 mg/dL) | 0.5 [0.2–1.2] | 0.1320 | 0.9 [0.4–1.9] | 0.8289 | 1.1 [0.6–1.8] | 0.8074 | 0.6 [0.3–1.1] | 0.0947 |
| High-density lipoproteins | ||||||||
| Low (<40 mg/dL) vs. healthy (≥60 mg/dL) | 1.0 [0.4–2.6] | 0.9782 | 1.8 [0.8–3.8] | 0.1262 | 1.5 [0.3–6.8] | 0.6300 | 3.7 [1.4–9.5] | 0.0067 |
| Borderline risk (40–59 mg/dL) vs. healthy (≥60 mg/dL) | 1.2 [0.7–2.1] | 0.5357 | 1.6 [0.8–3.3] | 0.1722 | 0.9 [0.6–1.5] | 0.7587 | 1.4 [0.9–2.2] | 0.1465 |
| Serum triglycerides | ||||||||
| Borderline (150–199 mg/dL) vs. normal (<150 mg/dL) | 1.9 [1.0–3.5] | 0.0594 | 1.7 [0.7–4.0] | 0.2692 | 1.9 [1.2–2.8] | 0.0035 | 1.9 [1.2–3.3] | 0.0121 |
| High (≥200 mg/dL) vs. normal (<150 mg/dL) | 2.3 [1.2–4.2] | 0.0074 | 3.1 [1.7–5.6] | 0.0003 | 1.3 [0.5–3.7] | 0.5616 | 3.3 [1.9–5.5] | <0.0001 |
| High-sensitivity CRP | ||||||||
| Mild inflammation (1–3 mg/dL) vs. normal (<1 mg/dL) | 1.8 [1.0–3.2] | 0.0562 | 1.4 [0.8–2.6] | 0.2520 | 1.2 [0.7–2.0] | 0.5222 | 1.1 [0.6–2.0] | 0.8330 |
| Significant inflammation (3–10 mg/dL) vs. normal (<1 mg/dL) | 1.4 [0.7–3.0] | 0.3518 | 1.5 [0.7–3.5] | 0.3001 | 1.0 [0.5–1.9] | 0.9679 | 1.8 [0.8–4.2] | 0.1633 |
| High significant inflammation (≥10 mg/dL) vs. normal | 1.1 [0.5–2.4] | 0.7610 | 2.2 [0.7–6.9] | 0.1900 | 1.2 [0.6–2.4] | 0.5629 | 2.5 [0.9–6.7] | 0.0697 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | ||||||||
| Elevated (>40 U/L) vs. normal (≤ 40 U/L) | 1.0 [0.1–8.2] | 0.9759 | 1.3 [0.6–2.8] | 0.5321 | 4.2 [1.0–17.5] | 0.0485 | 5.4 [1.3–22.5] | 0.0193 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | ||||||||
| Elevated (>56 U/L) vs. normal (≤ 56 U/L) | 2.5 [0.6–11.5] | 0.2292 | 3.0 [1.1–8.3] | 0.0389 | 0.1 [0.0–0.8] | 0.0285 | 0.2 [0.0–1.1] | 0.0669 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | ||||||||
| Pre-diabetes vs. healthy (<5.7%) | 1.5 [0.9–2.3] | 0.1244 | 2.7 [1.7–4.4] | <0.0001 | 1.2 [0.7–2.2] | 0.4679 | 2.2 [1.3–3.5] | 0.0019 |
| Diabetes (≥6.5%) vs. healthy (<5.7%) | 1.3 [0.5–3.3] | 0.6118 | 3.8 [1.4–10.5] | 0.0097 | 2.0 [1.0–3.9] | 0.0428 | 7.0 [3.8–13.0] | <0.0001 |
Bold = statistically significant at p < 0.05.