Figure 5.

TF3 alleviates the damaging effect of oxidative stress on granulosa cells. pGCs were routinely cultured for 24 h and then starved and cultured in serum-free culture medium for 24 h. Cells were treated with TF3 (10 μM) or control for 24 h and then treated with H₂O₂ (1 mM) or an equal volume of pure water control for another 6 h to generate a pGC oxidative stress injury model. After treatment, apoptosis under anticell stress conditions was analyzed by flow cytometry (a), and the results were statistically analyzed (b). An oxidative stress model was used to analyze the effect of TF3 on ROS levels in granulosa cells (c), and the results were statistically analyzed (d). TF3 resistance to H₂O₂-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (e) was analyzed by detecting intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential with JC1. ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ^∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.