. 2021 Nov 18;5(12):e10569. doi: 10.1002/jbm4.10569

Table 2.

Overview of the Actions of Vitamin D, FGF23, and α Klotho in the Lung

Lung	Vitamin D	FGF23	α klotho
Fetal development	Lung maturation⁽ ¹ , ⁵¹ , ⁷⁰ , ⁷¹ , ⁷² , ⁷³ , ⁷⁴ ⁾	Structural integrity⁽ ⁸² , ⁸³ ⁾	Structural integrity⁽ ⁸⁴ ⁾ Anti‐senescence⁽ ⁸⁴ ⁾
Innate/adaptive immunity	Positive modulation⁽ ⁸⁵ , ⁸⁶ , ⁸⁷ ⁾	Not known	Not known
Inflammation	Anti‐inflammatory⁽ ⁵ , ⁵⁶ , ⁸⁸ , ⁸⁹ , ⁹⁰ , ⁹¹ ⁾	Pro‐inflammatory⁽ ¹⁹ , ⁶⁷ ⁾	Anti‐inflammatory⁽ ¹⁶ , ¹⁹ , ⁶⁷ ⁾
Oxidative stress	Antioxidant⁽ ⁹¹ , ⁹² , ⁹³ , ⁹⁴ ⁾	No action	Antioxidant⁽ ¹⁶ , ²³ ⁾
Infection	Modulation phagocytosis⁽ ⁹⁵ , ⁹⁶ , ⁹⁷ , ⁹⁸ , ⁹⁹ , ¹⁰⁰ ⁾ Antibacterial⁽ ¹⁰¹ , ¹⁰² ⁾ Antiviral⁽ ² , ⁸ , ⁸⁸ , ¹⁰³ , ¹⁰⁴ , ¹⁰⁵ , ¹⁰⁶ ⁾ Antimicrobial⁽ ⁹⁰ , ¹⁰¹ , ¹⁰² , ¹⁰⁷ , ¹⁰⁸ ⁾	Not known	Not known
Remodeling/damage	Antifibrotic⁽ ⁴ , ¹⁰⁹ , ¹¹⁰ , ¹¹¹ , ¹¹² ⁾ Antiproliferative⁽ ¹¹³ , ¹¹⁴ ⁾ Antiprotease⁽ ¹¹³ , ¹¹⁴ ⁾	Antifibrotic⁽ ⁶⁵ ⁾	Antifibrotic⁽ ⁶⁵ ⁾
Epithelial barrier	Maintenance integrity⁽ ¹¹⁵ , ¹¹⁶ , ¹¹⁷ , ¹¹⁸ ⁾	Not known	Not known