Table 3.

Studies Involving the Use of Antimalarials in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Study	Patients	Primary Outcome	Results
Tsakonas et al169	47. - 25 HCQ - 22 placebo	Flares	Protection against the occurrence of kidney disease (RR = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.03–2.54, p= 0.025).
Fessler et al170	518 (34% Hispanic) - 291 with HCQ - 227 without HCQ	Systemic damage accumulation	Reduced risk of accumulated kidney damage (HR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.53–0.93, p= 0.014).
Ruiz-Irastorza et al171	232 - 62 HCQ - 46 CQ - 42 HCQ and CQ - 82 without antimalarial	Survival	Increased 15-years cumulative survival in antimalarial users compared to non-users (0.95 vs 0.68, p<0.001).
Sisó et al172	206 - 56 HCQ or CQ prior to the lupic nephropathy diagnosis -150 controls prior to the lupic nephropathy diagnostic	Systemic complications	Increased creatinine greater than 4 mg/dL: 2% (HCQ or CQ) vs 11% (control) (p=0.029). Terminal nephropathy: 2% (HCQ or CQ) vs 11% (control) (p= 0.044).
Pons-Estel et al173	203 (39% Hispanic) - 161 HCQ - 42 without HCQ	Nephroprotection	Reduced risk of nephropathy in HCQ users (HR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.13–0.68, p= 0.0043). Cumulative probability of 20%kidney damage within 5 years (HCQ) vs 47% (control) (p<0.001).
Shinjo et al174	1480 (Latin American) - 1141 HCQ or CQ - 339 without antimalarial	Mortality	38% reduction in mortality rate (HR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39–0.99).
Pons-Estel et al175	795. (Latin American) - 265 with nephropathy. - 530 without nephropathy	Nephroprotection	Reduced risk of nephropathy in control group vs clinical cases (OR 0.38; IC 95%: 0.25–0.58).

Abbreviations:HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; CQ, chloroquine.