. 2020 May 18;43(1):37–55. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25029

TABLE 1.

Summary of findings of the (sub)cortical analyses in ENIGMA‐ADHD and ENIGMA‐ASD

Working group	Results of subcortical analyses	Results of cortical thickness analyses	Results of cortical surface area analyses	Additional findings
ENIGMA‐ADHD	‐smaller accumbens, amygdala, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, putamen and intracranial volume in all samples combined and when stratified only significant in children with ADHD. ‐with the exception of a significant smaller hippocampus volume in adolescents with ADHD	‐thinner fusiform gyrus and temporal pole in all samples combined and when stratified into age groups, only significant in children with ADHD. ‐no differences in adolescents and adults with ADHD	‐smaller surface areas for: superior frontal gyrus, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, caudal middle frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and total surface area in children with ADHD. ‐no differences in adolescents and adults with ADHD	‐siblings of individuals with ADHD showed smaller surface area for caudal middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus and total surface area. ‐ children in the general population also showed higher rates of symptoms of inattention to correlate with surface area of the caudal middle frontal gyrus, the middle temporal gyrus and total surface area
ENIGMA‐ASD	Cases with ASD showed smaller volume of the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, pallidum, and putamen and a bigger intracranial volume.	Cases with ASD showed greater cortical thickness in frontal brain areas (including the frontal pole), and lower cortical thickness in temporal/occipital brain areas (including the fusiform gyrus).	Cortical analysis showed no detectable differences in regional and total surface areas.	The effects of age were uniform over all subcortical and cortical findings—all showed a distinct peak difference between cases with ASD and controls around adolescence, and normalization in adults.

Working group

Results of subcortical analyses

Results of cortical thickness analyses

Results of cortical surface area analyses

Additional findings

ENIGMA‐ADHD

‐smaller accumbens, amygdala, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, putamen and intracranial volume in all samples combined and when stratified only significant in children with ADHD.

‐with the exception of a significant smaller hippocampus volume in adolescents with ADHD

‐thinner fusiform gyrus and temporal pole in all samples combined and when stratified into age groups, only significant in children with ADHD.

‐no differences in adolescents and adults with ADHD

‐smaller surface areas for: superior frontal gyrus, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, caudal middle frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and total surface area in children with ADHD.

‐no differences in adolescents and adults with ADHD

‐siblings of individuals with ADHD showed smaller surface area for caudal middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus and total surface area.

‐ children in the general population also showed higher rates of symptoms of inattention to correlate with surface area of the caudal middle frontal gyrus, the middle temporal gyrus and total surface area

ENIGMA‐ASD

Cases with ASD showed smaller volume of the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, pallidum, and putamen and a bigger intracranial volume.

Cases with ASD showed greater cortical thickness in frontal brain areas (including the frontal pole), and lower cortical thickness in temporal/occipital brain areas (including the fusiform gyrus).

Cortical analysis showed no detectable differences in regional and total surface areas.

The effects of age were uniform over all subcortical and cortical findings—all showed a distinct peak difference between cases with ASD and controls around adolescence, and normalization in adults.

Note: Results that are underlined are overlapping results with the same direction of the effect for both disorders. Results in italic indicate overlapping regions affected for both disorders but with opposite effects.