FIGURE 4.

Overall and vertex‐wise effects of chlorpromazine dose equivalents across both hemispheres for (a) thickness, (b) surface dilation/contraction (log Jacobian determinant). The effects are tested in models that included diagnosis sex, age, age x sex, age², age² x sex, and ICV. Small but statistically significant relationships are found between higher chlorpromazine dose equivalents and locally reduced thickness (a) and surface contraction (b) in the hippocampus, amygdala, caudate, accumbens, and thalamus. In the left column, the subcortical structures—1. hippocampus, 2. amygdala, 4. accumbens, 6. caudate, and 7. thalamus—are positioned generally from a bottom viewpoint, with some slightly rotated about their own principal axis to be oblique, for better exposure: caudate—pi/7 or about 25°, accumbens—pi/10 or 18°. In the right column, the subcortical structures are positioned generally from a top viewpoint with the same rotations. Color scale indicates intensity of effect sizes. Cooler colors indicate negative associations, that is, higher chlorpromazine dose equivalents are associated with reduced surface measures. Gray color indicates nonsignificant surface vertices after multiple comparison correction. Putamen and pallidum are not shown as no effects were found for these subcortical structures