TABLE 1.

Subject demographics for three patient groups and controls. Values are mean ± SD. Current mediation dose is expressed as CPZ equivalent units. All statistics were calculated using R software

	Controls (N = 76)	Early (N = 45)	Intermediate (N = 30)	Chronic (N = 45)	Analysis
					Patients vs. controls		Early vs. intermediate		Early vs. chronic		Intermediate vs. chronic
					F	p	t‐Score	p	t‐Score	p	t‐Score	p
N male/females	37/39	21/24	14/16	20/25	1.1	.7	0.8	.8	0.8	.9	1.1	.8
Age (years)	38.6 ± 12.4	28.4 ± 8.6	42.9 ± 9.4	51.7 ± 7.1	1.33	.25	6.89	1.60 × 10−9	13.98	3.62 × 10−24	4.61	1.62 × 10−5
PANSS (total)	—	70.3 ± 13.9	68.1 ± 23.1	67.9 ± 22.0	—	—	0.50	.62	0.61	.54	0.05	.96
Illness duration (years)	—	2.2 ± 1.1	14.8 ± 4.2	31.6 ± 6.5	—	—	19.01	3.33 × 10−30	29.76	4.9 × 10−48	12.49	6.68 × 10−20
Education (years)	13.2 ± 2.6	12.6 ± 3.4	12.3 ± 3.3	11.4 ± 2.7	6.76	.01	0.38	.71	1.77	.08	1.22	.23
Medication dose (CPZ)	—	327.5 ± 187.2	500.7 ± 246.1	596.2 ± 273.5	—	—	3.46	9.13 × 10−4	5.41	5.27 × 10−7	1.53	.13
Smoker a	24.6%	11.4%	36.7%	54.5%	1.64	.20	2.68	.009	4.79	6.75 × 10−6	1.52	.13

Abbreviations: CPZ, chlorpromazine; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

^aPast and current smoking status.