TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the included samples
| Sample | Age, mean, years | Age, SD, years | Age range | Sample N | Male N | Female N | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD NF | 14 | 0.7 | 13 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| AMC | 23 | 3.4 | 17 | 32 | 99 | 65 | 34 |
| Barcelona 1.5 T | 15 | 1.9 | 11 | 17 | 24 | 10 | 14 |
| Barcelona 3 T | 15 | 2.2 | 11 | 17 | 31 | 13 | 18 |
| Betula | 62 | 12.4 | 26 | 81 | 231 | 105 | 126 |
| BIG 1.5 T | 28 | 14.3 | 13 | 82 | 1,319 | 657 | 662 |
| BIG 3 T | 24 | 8.1 | 18 | 71 | 1,291 | 553 | 738 |
| BIL&GIN | 27 | 7.7 | 18 | 57 | 452 | 220 | 232 |
| Bonn | 39 | 6.5 | 29 | 50 | 175 | 175 | 0 |
| BRAINSCALE | 10 | 1.4 | 9 | 15 | 172 | 102 | 70 |
| BRCATLAS | 40 | 17.2 | 18 | 84 | 163 | 84 | 79 |
| CAMH | 44 | 19.3 | 18 | 86 | 141 | 72 | 69 |
| Cardiff | 26 | 7.8 | 18 | 58 | 265 | 78 | 187 |
| CEG | 16 | 1.8 | 13 | 19 | 31 | 31 | 0 |
| CIAM | 27 | 4.2 | 19 | 34 | 24 | 13 | 11 |
| CLING | 25 | 5.3 | 18 | 58 | 323 | 132 | 191 |
| CODE | 40 | 13.3 | 20 | 64 | 72 | 31 | 41 |
| COMPULS/TS Eurotrain | 11 | 1 | 9 | 13 | 42 | 29 | 13 |
| Edinburgh | 24 | 2.9 | 19 | 31 | 55 | 20 | 35 |
| ENIGMA‐HIV | 25 | 4.3 | 19 | 33 | 30 | 16 | 14 |
| ENIGMA‐OCD (AMC/Huyser) | 14 | 2.8 | 9 | 17 | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| ENIGMA‐OCD (IDIBELL) | 33 | 10.4 | 20 | 50 | 20 | 8 | 12 |
| ENIGMA‐OCD (Kyushu/Nakao) | 45 | 14.1 | 24 | 64 | 16 | 6 | 10 |
| ENIGMA‐OCD (London Cohort/Mataix‐Cols) | 38 | 11.6 | 26 | 63 | 10 | 2 | 8 |
| ENIGMA‐OCD (van den Heuvel 1.5 T) | 41 | 12.9 | 26 | 50 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| ENIGMA‐OCD (van den Heuvel 3 T) | 36 | 10.9 | 22 | 55 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
| ENIGMA‐OCD‐3 T‐CONTROLS | 32 | 11 | 20 | 56 | 17 | 4 | 13 |
| FBIRN | 37 | 11.4 | 19 | 60 | 164 | 117 | 47 |
| FIDMAG | 38 | 10.1 | 19 | 64 | 123 | 54 | 69 |
| GSP | 27 | 16.5 | 18 | 90 | 2008 | 893 | 1,115 |
| HMS | 40 | 12.2 | 19 | 64 | 55 | 21 | 34 |
| HUBIN | 42 | 8.8 | 19 | 56 | 102 | 69 | 33 |
| IDIVAL (1) | 65 | 9.8 | 49 | 87 | 34 | 13 | 21 |
| IDIVAL (3) | 30 | 7.8 | 19 | 50 | 104 | 63 | 41 |
| IDIVAL(2) | 28 | 7.6 | 15 | 52 | 80 | 50 | 30 |
| IMAGEN | 14 | 0.4 | 13 | 16 | 1722 | 854 | 868 |
| IMH | 32 | 9.8 | 20 | 58 | 73 | 48 | 25 |
| IMpACT‐NL | 36 | 12.1 | 19 | 62 | 91 | 27 | 64 |
| Indiana 1.5 T | 62 | 11.7 | 37 | 84 | 49 | 9 | 40 |
| Indiana 3 T | 27 | 19.7 | 6 | 87 | 199 | 95 | 104 |
| Johns Hopkins | 44 | 12.5 | 20 | 65 | 85 | 42 | 43 |
| KaSP | 27 | 5.7 | 20 | 43 | 32 | 15 | 17 |
| Leiden | 17 | 4.8 | 8 | 29 | 572 | 279 | 293 |
| MAS | 79 | 4.7 | 70 | 90 | 385 | 176 | 209 |
| MCIC | 32 | 12.1 | 18 | 60 | 91 | 61 | 30 |
| Melbourne | 20 | 2.9 | 15 | 25 | 70 | 39 | 31 |
| METHCT | 27 | 6.5 | 19 | 53 | 39 | 29 | 10 |
| MHRC | 22 | 3.1 | 16 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 0 |
| Muenster | 35 | 12.1 | 17 | 65 | 744 | 323 | 421 |
| NCNG | 51 | 16.9 | 19 | 80 | 345 | 110 | 235 |
| NESDA | 40 | 9.7 | 21 | 56 | 65 | 23 | 42 |
| NeuroIMAGE | 17 | 3.4 | 9 | 27 | 252 | 115 | 137 |
| Neuroventure | 14 | 0.6 | 12 | 15 | 137 | 62 | 75 |
| NTR (1) | 15 | 1.4 | 11 | 18 | 37 | 14 | 23 |
| NTR (2) | 34 | 10.4 | 19 | 57 | 112 | 42 | 70 |
| NTR (3) | 30 | 5.9 | 20 | 42 | 29 | 11 | 18 |
| NU | 33 | 14.8 | 14 | 68 | 79 | 46 | 33 |
| NUIG | 36 | 11.5 | 18 | 58 | 92 | 53 | 39 |
| NYU | 31 | 8.7 | 19 | 52 | 51 | 31 | 20 |
| OATS (1) | 71 | 5.6 | 65 | 84 | 80 | 53 | 27 |
| OATS (2) | 69 | 5.1 | 65 | 81 | 13 | 7 | 6 |
| OATS (3) | 69 | 4 | 65 | 81 | 116 | 64 | 52 |
| OATS (4) | 70 | 4.7 | 65 | 89 | 90 | 63 | 27 |
| Olin | 36 | 13 | 21 | 87 | 582 | 231 | 351 |
| Oxford | 16 | 1.4 | 14 | 19 | 37 | 18 | 19 |
| PING | 12 | 4.8 | 3 | 21 | 431 | 223 | 208 |
| QTIM | 23 | 3.3 | 16 | 30 | 308 | 96 | 212 |
| Sao Paolo | 28 | 6.1 | 17 | 43 | 51 | 32 | 19 |
| Sao Paolo‐2 | 31 | 7.6 | 18 | 50 | 58 | 30 | 28 |
| SCORE | 25 | 4.3 | 19 | 39 | 44 | 17 | 27 |
| SHIP 2 | 55 | 12.3 | 31 | 88 | 306 | 172 | 134 |
| SHIP TREND | 50 | 13.7 | 22 | 81 | 628 | 355 | 273 |
| StagedDep | 48 | 8.1 | 32 | 59 | 23 | 7 | 16 |
| Stanford | 45 | 12.6 | 21 | 61 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
| STROKEMRI | 45 | 22.1 | 18 | 78 | 52 | 19 | 33 |
| Sydney | 39 | 22.1 | 12 | 84 | 157 | 65 | 92 |
| TOP | 35 | 9.9 | 18 | 73 | 303 | 159 | 144 |
| Tuebingen | 40 | 12.4 | 24 | 61 | 38 | 12 | 26 |
| UMCU 1.5 T | 33 | 12.5 | 17 | 66 | 278 | 158 | 120 |
| UMCU 3 T | 44 | 14 | 19 | 78 | 144 | 69 | 75 |
| UNIBA | 27 | 9.1 | 18 | 63 | 130 | 67 | 63 |
| UPENN | 37 | 13.1 | 18 | 85 | 115 | 42 | 73 |
| Yale | 14 | 2.7 | 10 | 18 | 12 | 5 | 7 |
| Total | 31 | 18.2 | 3 | 90 | 17,075 | 8,212 | 8,863 |
Abbreviations: ADHD‐NF, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder‐ Neurofeedback Study; AMC, Amsterdam Medisch Centrum; Basel, University of Basel; Barcelona, University of Barcelona; Betula, Swedish longitudinal study on aging, memory, and dementia; BIG, Brain Imaging Genetics; BIL&GIN, a multimodal multidimensional database for investigating hemispheric specialization; Bonn, University of Bonn; BrainSCALE, Brain Structure and Cognition: an Adolescence Longitudinal twin study; CAMH, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Cardiff, Cardiff University; CEG, Cognitive‐experimental and Genetic study of ADHD and Control Sibling Pairs; CIAM, Cortical Inhibition and Attentional Modulation study; CLiNG, Clinical Neuroscience Göttingen; CODE, formerly Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) study; Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh; ENIGMA‐HIV, Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis‐Human Immunodeficiency Virus Working Group; ENIGMA‐OCD, Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis‐ Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Working Group; FBIRN, Function Biomedical Informatics Research Network; FIDMAG, Fundación para la Investigación y Docencia Maria Angustias Giménez; GSP, Brain Genomics Superstruct Project; HMS, Homburg Multidiagnosis Study; HUBIN, Human Brain Informatics; IDIVAL, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute; IMAGEN, the IMAGEN Consortium; IMH=Institute of Mental Health, Singapore; IMpACT, The International Multicentre persistent ADHD Genetics Collaboration; Indiana, Indiana University School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University; KaSP, The Karolinska Schizophrenia Project; Leiden, Leiden University; MAS, Memory and Aging Study; MCIC, MIND Clinical Imaging Consortium formed by the Mental Illness and Neuroscience Discovery (MIND) Institute now the Mind Research Network; Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Meth‐CT, study of methamphetamine users, University of Cape Town; MHRC, Mental Health Research Center; Muenster, Muenster University; NESDA, The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety; NeuroIMAGE, Dutch part of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study; Neuroventure: the imaging part of the Co‐Venture Trial funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR); NCNG, Norwegian Cognitive NeuroGenetics sample; NTR, Netherlands Twin Register; NU, Northwestern University; NUIG, National University of Ireland Galway; NYU, New York University; OATS, Older Australian Twins Study; Olin, Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center; Oxford, Oxford University; QTIM, Queensland Twin Imaging; Sao Paulo, University of Sao Paulo; SCORE, University of Basel Study; SHIP‐2 and SHIP TREND, Study of Health in Pomerania; Staged‐Dep, Stages of Depression Study; Stanford, Stanford University; StrokeMRI, Stroke Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Sydney, University of Sydney; TOP, Tematisk Område Psykoser (Thematically Organized Psychosis Research); TS‐EUROTRAIN, European‐Wide Investigation and Training Network on the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome; Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen; UMCU, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht; UNIBA, University of Bari Aldo Moro; UPENN, University of Pennsylvania; Yale, Yale University.