Table 1.

GLP-1 receptor agonists: cardiovascular indications and CVOTs results

GLP-1 receptor agonists	Semaglutide		Lixisenatide	Exenatide	Liraglutide	Dulaglutide	Albiglutidea
Administration route	Oral	Subcutaneous	Subcutaneous	Subcutaneous	Subcutaneous	Subcutaneous	Subcutaneous
Cardiovascular indication	No	Yes Reduction of MACEs in adults with T2DM and established CVD	No	No	Yes Reduction of MACEs in adults with T2DM and established CVD	Yes Reduction of MACEs in adults with T2DM and established CVD or multiple CV risk factors	No
CVOT [reference]	PIONEER 6 [40]	SUSTAIN 6 [57]	ELIXIA [106]	EXSCEL [107]	LEADER [22]	REWIND [108]	HARMONY [54]
Study population	3183 T2DM patients with established CVD	3297 T2DM patients with established CVD	6068 T2DM patients with acute coronary event in the last 180 days	14,752 T2DM patients with and without established CVD	9340 T2DM patients with established CVD	3183 T2DM patients with established CVD	9463 T2DM patients with established CVD
Intervention	Oral semaglutide 14 mg once a day vs. placebo	Semaglutide 0.5–1.0 mg sc once a week vs. placebo	Lixisenatide 20 μg sc once a day vs. placebo	Exenatide 2.0 mg sc once a week vs. placebo	Liraglutide 1.8 mg sc once a day vs. placebo	Dulaglutide 1.5 mg sc once a week vs. placebo	Albiglutide 30–50 mg sc once a week vs. placebo
Median follow-up	15.9 months	2.1 years	25 months	3.2 years	3.8 years	5.4 years	1.6 years
Primary endpoint: HR; 95%CI; superiority p-value	0.79; 0.57–1.11; p = 0.17	0.74; 0.58–0.95; p = 0.02	1.02; 0.89–1.17; p = 0.81	0.91; 0.83–1.00; p = 0.06	0.87; 0.78–0.97; p = 0.01	0.88; 0.79–0.99; p = 0.026	0.78; 0.68–0.90; p = 0.0006

CV cardiovascular, CVD cardiovascular disease, CVOT cardiovascular outcome trial, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1, HR hazard ratio, MACE major cardiovascular events, SC subcutaneous, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, Vs versus

^aNot currently available on the market