Table 3.

Modulators for weight gain ≥5 kg and change in HbA1c within the observation period in 346 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus^*.

	Weight gain ≥ 5 kg				Change in HbA1c (mmol/mol)
	Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis		Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	B (95% CI)	p-value	B (95% CI)	p-value
Age (years)	0.978 (0.928; 1.032)	0.423			−0.027 (−0.150; 0.096)	0.666
Sex	0.453 (0.151; 1.356)	0.157			−0.736 (−2.755; 1.283)	0.474
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	1.029 (1.001; 1.058)	0.044	1.036 (1.006; 1.066)	0.017	−0.284 (−0.358; −0.209)	<0.001	−0.277 (−0.351; −0.202)	<0.001
Oral antidiabetic drugs (yes vs. no)	1.714 (0.571; 5.143)	0.337			−0.639 (−2.770; 1.491)	0.556
Insulin substitution (yes vs. no)	1.164 (0.506; 2.671)	0.723			0.523 (−1.366; 2.411)	0.587
BMI (kg/m2)	1.024 (0.955; 1.097)	0.504			−0.057 (−0.221; 0.107)	0.494
Waist-hip ratio (%)	1.068 (1.006; 1.134)	0.032	1.059 (0.994; 1.127)	0.075	0.039 (−0.090; 0.168)	0.552
Low physical activity	1.324 (0.568; 3.085)	0.516			0.525 (−1.320; 2.370)	0.576
Current smoking	0.987 (0.124; 7.870)	0.990			−0.039 (−4.656; 4.579)	0.987
High alcohol consumption	1.021 (0.437; 2.385)	0.961			0.171 (−1.731; 2.073)	0.860
Epworth sleepiness scale	1.021 (0.908; 1.148)	0.731			−0.161 (−0.431; 0.108)	0.240
Apnea-hypopnea-index (/h)	1.002 (0.972; 1.032)	0.921			0.024 (−0.045; 0.092)	0.497
PAP treatment (yes vs. no)	2.978 (1.248; 7.106)	0.014	3.256 (1.293; 8.023)	0.012	3.074 (0.692; 5.455)	0.012	2.276 (0.047; 4.505)	0.045

Shown are the unstandardized regression coefficients by regression analysis, 95% CI and p-values.

BMI, body-mass index; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; PAP, positive airway pressure; SDB, sleep-disordered breathing. High alcohol consumption = drinking alcohol > 2 × /wk; low physical activity = exercise <3 × /wk.

^*All variables with a p-value <0.2 in univariable regression were included in multivariable regression analysis (34).

The bold values are p-values <0.05.