TABLE 1. Characteristics of adults who reported a health care provider recommendation for COVID-19 vaccination, by selected sociodemographic characteristics and associated factors — National Immunization Survey-Adult COVID Module, United States, April 22–September 25, 2021.

Characteristic	Overall		Provider recommendation
			Prevalence	Prevalence ratio
	No.	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	Unadjusted (95% CI)	Adjusted* (95% CI)
All adults	340,543	100.0	37.4 (37.1–37.7)	—	—
Period of data collection
Apr 22–May 29	77,162	20.0 (19.7–20.3)	34.6 (33.9–35.3)	Ref	Ref
May 30–Jun 26	56,749	20.0 (19.7–20.3)	35.8 (35.0–36.6)	1.03 (1.00–1.07)	1.03 (1.00–1.06)
Jun 27–Jul 31	73,512	20.0 (19.7–20.3)	37.6 (36.9–38.3)	1.09 (1.06–1.12)	1.08 (1.05–1.11)
Aug 1–Aug 28	63,193	20.0 (19.7–20.3)	38.6 (37.9–39.4)	1.12 (1.09–1.15)	1.10 (1.07–1.13)
Aug 29–Sep 25	73,426	20.0 (19.7–20.2)	40.5 (39.8–41.2)	1.17 (1.14–1.20)	1.14 (1.10–1.17)
Age group, yrs
18–29	58,464	21.0 (20.7–21.3)	28.3 (27.6–29.0)	0.64 (0.62–0.66)	0.72 (0.69–0.74)
30–39	56,584	17.3 (17.1–17.6)	34.9 (34.2–35.7)	0.79 (0.77–0.81)	0.83 (0.80–0.85)
40–49	52,694	16.0 (15.7–16.2)	37.9 (37.1–38.7)	0.86 (0.83–0.88)	0.86 (0.83–0.89)
50–64	95,399	24.5 (24.2–24.8)	41.0 (40.4–41.7)	0.93 (0.91–0.95)	0.92 (0.89–0.94)
≥65	75,147	21.2 (20.9–21.5)	44.2 (43.5–45.0)	Ref	Ref
Sex
Male	168,106	48.4 (48.1–48.8)	34.4 (34.0–34.9)	Ref	Ref
Female	173,190	51.6 (51.2–51.9)	40.3 (39.9–40.8)	1.17 (1.15–1.19)	1.07 (1.05–1.09)
Transgender
Yes	13,287	4.5 (4.4–4.7)	36.5 (34.9–38.1)	0.98 (0.93–1.02)	1.01 (0.96–1.05)
No	309,379	95.5 (95.3–95.6)	37.4 (37.0–37.7)	Ref	Ref
Sexual orientation
Heterosexual	298,486	92.6 (92.4–92.7)	37.5 (37.2–37.8)	Ref	Ref
Gay or lesbian	8,857	2.3 (2.2–2.4)	41.0 (39.0–43.1)	1.09 (1.04–1.15)	1.12 (1.06–1.17)
Bisexual	9,745	3.3 (3.1–3.4)	34.1 (32.3–35.9)	0.91 (0.86–0.96)	1.02 (0.96–1.07)
Other	5,654	1.9 (1.8–2.0)	36.3 (33.8–38.8)	0.97 (0.90–1.04)	1.06 (0.98–1.14)
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	210,659	62.1 (61.8–62.4)	37.3 (36.9–37.7)	Ref	Ref
Black, non-Hispanic	40,610	12.0 (11.8–12.2)	38.4 (37.5–39.4)	1.03 (1.00–1.06)	1.02 (0.99–1.05)
Hispanic	43,420	17.2 (16.9–17.5)	37.2 (36.3–38.1)	1.00 (0.97–1.02)	1.09 (1.06–1.12)
Asian, non-Hispanic	17,859	4.2 (4.1–4.3)	40.0 (38.5–41.6)	1.07 (1.03–1.12)	1.11 (1.06–1.16)
American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic	8,319	1.3 (1.3–1.4)	38.8 (36.2–41.5)	1.04 (0.97–1.12)	1.13 (1.05–1.21)
Other or multiple races, non-Hispanic	12,865	3.2 (3.0–3.3)	36.2 (34.4–38.1)	0.97 (0.92–1.02)	1.03 (0.98–1.09)
Educational level
High school or less	85,450	39.1 (38.7–39.4)	33.5 (33.0–34.1)	0.74 (0.72–0.75)	0.83 (0.80–0.85)
Some college	94,461	30.5 (30.2–30.9)	37.6 (37.0–38.2)	0.82 (0.80–0.84)	0.88 (0.86–0.90)
College graduate	85,631	19.2 (18.9–19.4)	40.7 (40.1–41.4)	0.89 (0.87–0.91)	0.96 (0.94–0.99)
Above college graduate	68,286	11.2 (11.1–11.4)	45.6 (44.8–46.4)	Ref	Ref
Annual household income,† USD
Below poverty	32,552	11.3 (11.1–11.5)	36.9 (35.9–37.9)	0.93 (0.90–0.95)	1.00 (0.96–1.03)
Above poverty and <$75,000	106,976	32.1 (31.8–32.5)	36.1 (35.5–36.7)	0.91 (0.89–0.93)	0.95 (0.93–0.97)
Above poverty and ≥$75,000	129,250	32.7 (32.4–33.0)	39.8 (39.3–40.3)	Ref	Ref
Unknown income	75,264	23.9 (23.6–24.2)	36.1 (35.5–36.8)	0.91 (0.89–0.93)	0.95 (0.92–0.97)
Health insurance status
Insured	306,694	89.5 (89.3–89.7)	39.1 (38.7–39.4)	Ref	Ref
Not insured	27,335	10.5 (10.3–10.7)	24.7 (23.8–25.7)	0.63 (0.61–0.66)	0.75 (0.72–0.78)
Essential worker status §
Essential health care	36,028	9.1 (8.9–9.3)	51.8 (50.8–52.9)	1.40 (1.37–1.43)	1.38 (1.35–1.42)
School and child care	12,789	2.9 (2.8–3.0)	38.8 (37.1–40.5)	1.05 (1.00–1.09)	1.02 (0.97–1.07)
Other frontline	24,835	8.4 (8.2–8.6)	32.3 (31.2–33.4)	0.87 (0.84–0.90)	1.02 (0.98–1.06)
Other essential	39,597	12.5 (12.2–12.7)	32.1 (31.2–33.0)	0.87 (0.84–0.89)	1.00 (0.97–1.04)
Not an essential worker	228,472	67.2 (66.9–67.5)	37.1 (36.7–37.5)	Ref	Ref
MSA ¶
MSA, principal city	106,173	29.1 (28.8–29.4)	38.6 (38.0–39.2)	Ref	Ref
MSA, nonprincipal city	172,259	57.2 (56.9–57.5)	37.4 (37.0–37.8)	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	0.96 (0.94–0.98)
Non-MSA	65,610	13.7 (13.5–13.9)	34.9 (34.1–35.7)	0.90 (0.88–0.93)	0.92 (0.89–0.95)
U.S. Census region
Northeast	70,694	17.4 (17.3–17.6)	42.1 (41.4–42.7)	Ref	Ref
Midwest	54,434	20.8 (20.5–21.0)	36.7 (35.9–37.4)	0.87 (0.85–0.89)	0.93 (0.90–0.95)
South	70,212	23.8 (23.5–24.0)	36.3 (35.6–37.1)	0.86 (0.84–0.89)	0.88 (0.86–0.91)
West	126,934	38.0 (37.8–38.3)	36.0 (35.5–36.5)	0.86 (0.84–0.87)	0.92 (0.90–0.94)
Comorbidities**
Yes	102,135	29.2 (28.9–29.5)	50.4 (49.8–51.1)	1.57 (1.54–1.60)	1.47 (1.44–1.50)
No	237,651	70.8 (70.5–71.1)	32.1 (31.7–32.5)	Ref	Ref
Disability status ††
Yes	30,864	9.7 (9.5–9.9)	44.9 (43.8–46.0)	1.23 (1.20–1.26)	1.11 (1.07–1.14)
No	312,280	90.3 (90.1–90.5)	36.6 (36.3–36.9)	Ref	Ref
Work or school requirement §§
Yes	43,949	10.8 (10.6–11.0)	49.8 (48.8–50.7)	1.39 (1.36–1.42)	1.32 (1.29–1.36)
No/Other	297,453	89.2 (89.0–89.4)	35.9 (35.5–36.2)	Ref	Ref

Abbreviations: MSA = metropolitan statistical area; Ref = referent group; USD = U.S. dollars.

*Adjusted for age group, sex, transgender identity, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, education, income, insurance status, MSA, U.S. Census region, comorbidity status, disability status, and essential worker status.

^† Household income is derived from the number of persons reported in the household, the reported household income, and the 2020 U.S. Census poverty thresholds.

^§ Essential worker status was defined based on the following questions: “Are you a frontline or essential worker according to your state or region?” and “In what location or setting do you currently work?” Essential worker groups were categorized as “essential healthcare,” “school and childcare,” “other frontline,” “other essential,” and “nonessential.” Nonessential could include both employed and unemployed individuals.

^¶ MSA status was determined based on household reported city and county of residence and was grouped into three categories: MSA principal city (urban), MSA nonprincipal city (suburban), and non-MSA (rural). MSAs and principal cities were as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro.html). Non-MSA areas include urban populations not located within an MSA as well as completely rural areas.

** Comorbidity status was ascertained by the following question: “Do you have a health condition that may put you at higher risk for COVID-19?”

^†† Disability status was ascertained by the following question: “Do you have serious difficulty seeing, hearing, walking, remembering, making decisions, or communicating?”

^§§ Work or school requirement was assessed by the following question: “Does your work or school require you to get a COVID-19 vaccine?” Response options were yes, no, or unemployed/not applicable. Responses for “no” and “not applicable” were combined into one category.