TABLE 3.

This table shows the results of prediction performance by fivefold cross‐validation estimations

Metrics	Lasso	Opt‐Lasso	SCAD	ISIS	RRCS	PLS	CNN	Direct DNN
Bias	−0.23	−0.57	−0.43	−0.59	−0.98	−0.11	−0.56	−1.96
IQR	10.06	10.81	12.17	9.66	8.95	10.79	13.46	21.51
RMSE	13.18	12.53	14.79	11.62	13.46	14.01	16.65	25.52

Abbreviations: CNN, convolutional neural network; DNN, deep neural network; IQR, interquartile range; ISIS, iterative sure independent screening; PLS, partial least squares; RRCS, robust rank correlation‐based screening; SCAD, smoothly clippedabsolute deviations.