Table 2.
List of common magnetic antibacterial nanocomposites
| Nanocomposite | Sizea, nm | M s, emu g−1 | Synthesis method | Mechanism | Target bacteria | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β ‐CoMoO4 /Co3 O4 | β ‐CoMoO4 : 20.3 (XRD) | 12.063 | co‐precipitation | ROS generation | E. coli | [81] |
| P. aeruginosa | ||||||
| S. aureus | ||||||
| Co3 O4 : 33.81 (XRD) | ||||||
| α ‐Fe2 O3 /Co3 O4 | 25.34 (XRD) | 82.49 | co‐precipitation | increasing the overall count of oxygen free radicals produced as a result of the interaction of cytoplasmic water with the composite samples inside the bacterial cell | B. subtilis | [82] |
| S. aureus | ||||||
| E. coli | ||||||
| S. typhi | ||||||
| GO@CoFe2 O4 @ Ag‐CFX | CoFe2 O4 : 16 (XRD) | CoFe2 O4 : 58.022 | co‐precipitation | affecting the cell wall structure | S. aureus | [83] |
| AgNPs: 15 (XRD) | GO@CoFe2 O4 @Ag‐CFX: 37.357 | B. subtilis | ||||
| E. coli | ||||||
| P. aeruginosa | ||||||
| GO‐Fe3 O4 @NPVP‐Ag | low pH: 700 (DLS) | Fe3 O4 : 71.9 | co‐precipitation | immobilised AgNPs on the surface of the GO nanosheets can release Ag + into the interior of bacterial cell | E. coli | [84] |
| Fe3 O4 : 15 (TEM) | GO‐Fe3 O4 @NPVP‐Ag: 12.7 | S. aureus | ||||
| Fe3 O4 @PTA@Ag | 250 (HRSEM) | 55.47 | solvothermal | reaction of oxygen species generated by AgNPs with the cell membrane | E. coli | [80] |
| S. aureus | ||||||
| Fe3 O4 @C@MgO‐Cu | Fe3 O4 : 15 (TEM) | Fe3 O4 : 30.08 | co‐precipitation hydrothermal | Enhanced physical interaction between the MgO‐Cu NP and cell membranes well as the serious damage of cells caused by the increased ROS | E. coli | [85] |
| Fe3 O4 @C@MgO‐Cu: 50 (TEM) | Fe3 O4 @C@MgO‐Cu: 29.07 | S. aureus | ||||
| TiO2 /Fe3 O4 /chitosan/ methylpyrazolone | agglomerated (TEM) | 21 | solvothermal | penetration of cell membrane and inactivation of its constituents | E. coli | [71] |
| S. aureus | ||||||
| A. flavus | ||||||
| C. albicans | ||||||
| Fe3 O4 @APTES–EDTA@Ag | 50 (XRD) | Fe3 O4 : 70 | co‐precipitation | facilitated AgNPs uptake through the cell wall by EDTA and increased the formation of free radicals by AgNPs when encapsulated into the EDTA | E. coli | [72] |
| 45 (TEM) | Fe3 O4 @APTES–EDTA: 66 | S. typhimurium | ||||
| S. aureus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | ||||||
| Fe3 O4 @APTES–EDTA@Ag: 57 | ||||||
| Co0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4 /OBM/Ag | Co0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4 : 65 (XRD) | Co0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4 /OBM: ∼15 | sol–gel | formation of free radicals by AgNPs in contaminated water | S. aureus | [86] |
| B. cereus | ||||||
| Ag: 10 (XRD) | Co0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4 /OBM/Ag: ∼11 | E. coli | ||||
| S. typhimurium | ||||||
| NiFe2 O4 @PAMA@Ag | NiFe2 O4 : 42 (XRD) | NiFe2 O4 : 64.8 | citrate–gel | increasing the available surface area of AgNPs for direct contact to bacteria | S. aureus | [87] |
| NiFe2 O4 @PAMA@Ag: 49.5 | B. cereus | |||||
| E. coli | ||||||
| S. typhimurium |
a Column contains sizes of final coated or functionalised NPs; the size measurement methods have been mentioned in parentheses, where (XRD) denotes the obtained crystallite size from an XRD pattern.