Table 2: Summary of cardiovascular outcome trials in type 2 diabetes.
| Study | Drug | Patients, n | Median follow-up | Three-point MACE, HR (95% CI) | Hospitalization for heart failure, HR (95% CI) | Renal outcomes, HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1 receptor agonist studies | ||||||
| ELIXA41,43 | Lixisenatide | 6,068 | 108 weeks | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) | NR |
| LEADER46 | Liraglutide | 9,340 | 3.8 years | 0.87 (0.78–0.97) | 0.87 (0.73–1.05) | 0.78 (0.67–0.92) |
| EXSCEL47 | Exenatide | 14,752 | 3.2 years | 0.91 (0.83−1.00) | 0.94 (0.78−1.13) | NR |
| SUSTAIN-649,50 | Semaglutide, SC | 3,297 | 2.1 years (mean) | 0.74 (0.58–0.95) | 1.11 (0.77–1.61) | 0.64 (0.46–0.88) |
| PIONEER 652 | Semaglutide, PO | 3,183 | 15.9 months | 0.79 (0.57–1.11) | 0.86 (0.48–1.55) | NR |
| HARMONY53 | Albiglutide | 9,463 | 1.5 years | 0.78 (0.68–0.90) | NR | 0.87 (0.75–1.02) |
| REWIND54 | Dulaglutide | 9,901 | 5.4 years | 0.88 (0.79–0.99) | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.85 (0.77–0.93) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor studies | ||||||
| TECOS30–32 | Sitagliptin | 14,671 | 3 years | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | NR |
| SAVOR-TIMI 5333–36 | Saxagliptin | 16,492 | 2 years | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.27 (1.07–1.51) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) |
| CARMELINA37 | Linagliptin | 6,979 | 2.2 years | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | -0.27 (-0.82 to 0.28) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) |
| VERIFY40 | Vildagliptin | 2,001 | 5 years | 0.71 (0.42–1.19) | NR | NR |
| SGLT-2 inhibitor studies | ||||||
| EMPA-REG OUTCOME56,58 | Empagliflozin | 7,020 | 3.1 years | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 0.65 (0.50–0.85) | NR |
| CANVAS62 | Canagliflozin | 10,142 | 3.6 years (mean) | 0.86 (0.75–0.97) | 0.67 (0.52–0.87) | 0.60 (0.47–0.77) |
| DECLARE-TIMI 5863,64 | Dapagliflozin | 17,160 | 4.2 years | 0.93 (0.84−1.03) | 0.73 (0.61−0.88) | 0.76 (0.67−0.87) |
| VERTIS65 | Ertugliflozin | 8,246 | 3.5 years (mean) | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 0.70 (0.54–0.90) | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) |
| SOLOIST-WHF66 | Sotagliflozin | 1,222 | 9.0 months | NR | 0.64 (0.49–0.83) | NR |
| SCORED67 | Sotagliflozin | 10,584 | 16 months | 0.84 (0.72–0.99) | 0.67 (0.55–0.82) | 0.71 (0.46–1.08) |
CI = confidence interval; DPP-4 = dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1 = glucagon-like peptide-1; HR = hazard ratio; MACE = major adverse cardiovascular event; NR = not reported; PO = oral administration; SC = subcutaneous administration; SGLT-2 = sodium-glucose cotransporter-2.