Table 1.

Summary of X‐ray characterisation of green synthesised TiO₂ NPs by the first and second procedures of A. cepa and C. annum plant extracts

Sample	Planes (hkℓ)	2θ, °	FWHM, °	D, nm	Strain XE‐4	DIS X1014
first procedure of A. cepa	101	25.305	0.225	36.027	38.471	7.704
	200	48.052	0.193	44.791	30.944	4.985
	323	55.094	0.243	36.671	37.796	7.436
second procedure of A. cepa	101	25.217	0.199	40.630	34.113	6.058
	200	47.946	0.167	51.916	26.697	3.710
	004	37.684	0.203	41.084	33.736	5.925
first procedure of C. annum	101	25.110	0.219	36.967	37.493	7.318
	200	47.838	0.197	43.979	31.515	5.17
	004	37.589	0.172	48.547	28.55	4.243
second procedure of C. annum	101	25.324	0.195	41.598	33.319	5.779
	200	48.054	0.15	57.721	24.012	3.002
	004	37.832	0.128	65.282	21.231	2.347

(hkℓ) planes: crystallographic plane; FWHM: full width at half maximum; D : dimension of crystal in nm; η  × 10⁻⁴ : strain value; δ  × 10¹⁴ : dislocation density.