Table 2.

Genotoxic potential of CuO NPs in different organism

Organism	Part used	Shape	Sizes	NPs mode of concentration	Effects	References
frog	kidney epithelial cells	polydispersed	6 nm, <100 nm, <6nm	Size‐dependent NPs, <100 nm NPs more toxic than 6 nm	<100 nm NPs more toxic than 6 nm DNA damage, decreased cell viability, reduced levels of GSH, cell death	[82]
Danio rerio (fish)	not specified	polydispersed	<50 nm	dose‐dependent manner	small size, cross‐cell membrane, release Cu2+, ROS production, DNA damage, cell death	[86]
mice	lung tissues	nearly spherical	<30–>80 nm	dose‐dependent manner	cell apoptosis	[87]
mouse	neuroblastoma cell line	spherical	30–40 nm	dose‐dependent manner	DNA fragmentation, DNA methylation, chromosomal damage, lipid peroxidation, micronucleus formation	[65]
rat	lung tissues	spherical	15–20 nm	time‐ and dose‐dependent manner	cell proliferation, inflammation, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines	[88]
human	A549 cells	spherical	<100 nm	time‐ and dose‐dependent manner	DNA damage, DNA lesions, neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity	[32]
human	pulmonary epithelial cells	spherical	50 nm	dose‐dependent manner	DNA damage mediated through lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, apoptosis	[16]
human	cell line A549	spherical	50 nm, 3 µm	size‐dependent manner	Cu NPs more toxic than micro‐NPs, DNA damage	[89]
human	HepG2 cells	spherical	22 nm	dose‐dependent manner	induce cytotoxicity, ROS production, p53 and apoptotic gene caspase‐3 upregulation, apoptosis in HepG2 cells via mitochondrial pathway	[77]
human	bronchial epithelial cells BEAS‐2B	approx. spherical	20–200 nm	size‐dependent manner	CuO NPs more toxic than CuO MPs, induction of oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis	[90]
human	skin keratinocytes cells	spherical	50 nm	time‐ and dose‐dependent manner	apoptosis, necrosis, DNA damage via oxidative stress	[91]
human	airway epithelial cells	spherical	—	dose‐dependent manner	increased inflammation, collagen deposition in lungs	[92]
human	cancer cell lines HT‐29 and SW620	polydispersed	20 nm	dose‐dependent manner	apoptosis, inhibition of proteins expression	[93]