Table 3.

Histological alteration induced by CuO NPs in animal models

Organism	Concentration, mg/kg	Organs	Histological observations	References
rats	10, 100 and 300	liver	vasculature in central veins and portal triad vessels, loss of hexagonal lobules	[105]
		lungs	thickening of air sacs, increase in fibrous tissues
rats	100 and 200	liver	necrosis of tissues	[102]
		kidney	necrosis in proximal renal tubule, cellular fragments around tubule lumen, swelling of proximal tubule
rats	1250 and 2500	liver	slight inflammatory cell's infiltration, dilation in sinusoids vacuolation	[103]
		spleen	multinucleated giant cell, decline in cell's white pulp
		kidney	inflammatory cells infiltration, tubular dilation, renal glomerulus atrophy
rats	CuO NPs and conjugated with quercetin	liver	lobular hepatic architecture, hepatocyte with ballooning, binucleated hepatocytes, sinusoidal dilatation, lymphocytes aggregates	[71]
rat	nano‐ and micro‐Cu	spleen	appearance of atrophic white pulp, increased yellow pigmentation reduction of cellularity, functional and structural damage	[100]
		thymus,	disrupted demarcation of medulla/cortex, decreased cellularity of medulla/cortex, cytoplasmic vacuolation
		liver	mononuclear cell infiltration, dilated sinusoid, degenerated hepatocytes, binucleated hepatocytes
		kidney	dilated tubules, degenerated tubular cells, inflammatory cell infiltration
rats	50, 100 and 200	kidney	necrosis in proximal tubule, cell debris present in tubule's lumen, proximal tubule swelling	[81]
		liver	no changes were observed in liver
rat		kidney	swelling of glomerulus, glomerulonephritis, deterioration in the lumen of Bowman's capsule	[106]
mice	nano and micro Cu	kidney	proximal tubule injuries, swollen glomerulus, dwindling in Bowman's capsule lumen, deterioration of epithelial cells of proximal convoluted tubules	[48]
mice	CuO NPs and conjugated with thiamine	ovary	degeneration of granulosa cells, disintegration of corpus luteum	[75]