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. 2020 Dec 8;2020(12):CD013811. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013811

3. Included studies characteristics.

Study ID Test Number of sites reported Number of teeth included Number of participants In vitro/in vivo Threshold Prevalence of enamel caries Prevalence of dentine caries Surface Reference standard Dentition
Achilleos 2013 DIAGNOdent pen 38 38 NR ‐ extracted vitro 13 0.95 0.39 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Achilleos 2013 VistaProof 38 38 NR ‐ extracted vitro 1 0.95 0.39 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Akarsu 2006 DIAGNOdent 165 187 161 vivo 5.5 0.77 0.52 Occlusal Excavation Permanent
Aktan 2012 DIAGNOdent pen 129 83 NR – extracted vitro 13 0.58 0.21 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Aktan 2012 MidWest 129 83 NR ‐ extracted vitro N/A 0.58 0.21 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Almosa 2014 DIAGNOdent pen 1653 822 89 vivo 13 0.33 0.01 Smooth Visual Permanent
Alomari 2015 Combined visual/radiograph/DIAGNOdent 160 NR NR ‐ extracted vitro N/A 0.89 0.38 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Apostolopoulou 2009 DIAGNOdent 111 24 NR ‐ extracted vitro NR 0.98 0.22 Occlusal Histology Primary
Attrill 2001 DIAGNOdent 58 58 NR ‐ extracted vitro 9 0.60 0.51 Occlusal Histology Primary
Bahrololoomi 2015 DIAGNOdent 109 115 31 vivo 8 0.94 0.52 Occlusal Excavation Permanent
Bamzahim 2004 DIAGNOdent 66 66 NR ‐ extracted vitro 10 0.52 NR Secondary Histology Permanent
Baseren 2003 DIAGNOdent 31 35 NR ‐ extracted vitro 13 0.39 0.19 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Bittar 2012 DIAGNOdent pen 55 33 NR ‐ extracted vitro 8 0.67 0.22 Occlusal Histology Primary
Bittar 2012a DIAGNOdent pen 58 33 NR ‐ extracted vitro 7 0.62 0.28 Approximal Histology Primary
Braga 2009 DIAGNOdent pen 131 84 NR ‐ extracted vitro 4 0.63 0.26 Occlusal Histology Primary
Bussaneli 2015 DIAGNOdent pen 94 102 NR ‐ extracted vitro 15 0.70 0.19 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Bussaneli 2015 QLF 94 102 NR ‐ extracted vitro ‐10.5 0.70 0.19 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Bussaneli 2015a DIAGNOdent pen 59 59 45 vitro 15 0.71 0.58 Approximal Visual Primary
Castilho 2016 DIAGNOdent 43 43 26 vivo 6 0.81 0.07 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Chen 2012 DIAGNOdent 256 216 96 vivo 7 0.50 0.35 Approximal Excavation Primary
Chong 2003 DIAGNOdent 320 NR NR ‐ extracted vitro 5 0.15 0.06 Occlusal Visual Permanent
Cinar 2013 DIAGNOdent 44 NR NR ‐ extracted vitro 6 0.75 0.2 Occlusal Histology Primary
Cinar 2013 DIAGNOdent pen 44 NR NR ‐ extracted vitro 14 0.75 0.2 Occlusal Histology Primary
Costa 2002 DIAGNOdent 49 49 NR ‐ extracted vitro 6 0.65 0.31 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Diniz 2011 DIAGNOdent 55 55 NR ‐ extracted vitro 16 0.89 0.11 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Diniz 2011 DIAGNOdent pen 55 55 NR ‐ extracted vitro 11 0.89 0.11 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Diniz 2011 VistaProof 55 55 NR ‐ extracted vitro 1.2 0.89 0.11 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Diniz 2012 DIAGNOdent 105 105 88 vitro 16 0.95 0.28 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Diniz 2012 DIAGNOdent pen 105 105 88 vitro 11 0.95 0.28 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Diniz 2012 VistaProof 105 105 88 vitro 1 0.95 0.28 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Diniz 2019 DIAGNOdent 88 88 NR ‐ extracted vitro 5 0.75 0.63 Occlusal Histology Primary
Diniz 2019 DIAGNOdent pen 87 88 NR ‐ extracted vitro 4 0.76 0.63 Occlusal Histology Primary
Diniz 2019 QLF 88 88 NR ‐ extracted vitro 7.5 0.75 0.63 Occlusal Histology Primary
Diniz 2019 MidWest 88 88 NR ‐ extracted vitro N/A 0.75 0.63 Occlusal Histology Primary
Duruturk 2011 DIAGNOdent 505 505 307 vivo 15 0.36 0.36 Occlusal Visual Primary
Feng 2005 QLF 1732 1732 300 vivo Examiner 0.21   Occlusal Visual Permanent
Goel 2009 DIAGNOdent 83 84 NR vivo 6 0.98 0.43 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Heinrich‐Weltzien 2003 DIAGNOdent 248 248 94 vivo NR 0.90 0.85 Occlusal Excavation Permanent
Huth 2010 DIAGNOdent pen 117 117 117 vivo 7 0.66 0.37 Occlusal Excavation Permanent
Iranzo‐Cortes 2017 DIAGNOdent 64 65 NR ‐ extracted vitro 14 0.77 0.17 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Jablonski‐Momeni 2011 VistaProof 98 53 NR ‐ extracted vitro 0.9 0.74 0.23 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Jablonski‐Momeni 2012 DIAGNOdent pen 82 36 NR ‐ extracted vitro 6 0.72 0.21 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Jablonski‐Momeni 2012 VistaProof 82 36 NR ‐ extracted vitro 0.9 0.72 0.21 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Jablonski‐Momeni 2012a DIAGNOdent 84 36 NR ‐ extracted vitro 8 0.85 0.48 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Jablonski‐Momeni 2012a VistaProof 80 36 NR ‐ extracted vitro 0.9 0.84 0.48 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Jablonski‐Momeni 2014 VistaProof 306 26 NR vivo 1 0.17 0.12 Occlusal Visual Permanent
Jablonski‐Momeni 2016 VistaProof 205 205 35 vivo 1.3 0.18 0 Occlusal Visual Primary
Jablonski‐Momeni 2016a VistaProof 214 214 35 vivo 1.3 0.35 0 Occlusal Visual Permanent
Jung 2018 QLF 791 791 94 vitro 0.47 0.47 0.14 Occlusal Visual Permanent
Kim 2017 QLF 280 280 65 vitro Examiner 0.61 0.2 Approximal Radiograph Permanent
Ko 2015 QLF 95 120 NR vivo 11 0.80 0.15 Approximal Histology Permanent
Kockanat 2017 DIAGNOdent pen 120 144 NR vivo 14 0.78 0.32 Occlusal Histology Primary
Kockanat 2017 SoproLife 120 144 NR vivo Examiner 0.78 0.32 Occlusal Histology Primary
Kouchaji 2012 DIAGNOdent 156 156 40 vivo 15 0.85 0.29 Occlusal Visual Permanent
Kucukyilmaz 2015 DIAGNOdent 200 200 200 vivo 15 0.82 0.33 Occlusal Histology Primary
Kuhnisch 2008 DIAGNOdent 840 840 311 vivo 16 0.71 0.06 Occlusal Visual Mixed
Lee 2018 QLF 62 66 NR ‐ extracted vitro NR 0.81 0.11 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Lussi 2006 DIAGNOdent pen 150 150 75 vitro 6 0.59 0.25 Approximal Histology Permanent
Lussi 2006a DIAGNOdent 119 119 NR ‐ extracted vitro 7 0.78 0.35 Occlusal Histology Primary
Lussi 2006a DIAGNOdent pen 119 119 NR ‐ extracted vitro 6 0.78 0.35 Occlusal Histology Primary
Mansour 2016 DIAGNOdent 426 932 40 vitro 14 0.12 0.14 Occlusal Visual Permanent
Matos 2011 DIAGNOdent pen 382 382 68 vivo 4 0.92 0.05 Occlusal Visual Primary
Matos 2011 VistaProof 382 382 68 vivo 1.1 0.92 0.05 Occlusal Visual Primary
Mendes 2005 DIAGNOdent 77 77 NR ‐ extracted vitro 4 0.69 0.14 Smooth Histology Primary
Mendes 2006 DIAGNOdent 110 79 NR ‐ extracted vitro 7 0.75 0.25 Occlusal Histology Primary
Mepparambath 2014 DIAGNOdent 169 101 NR vivo 10 0.22 0.08 Approximal Radiograph Primary
Mortensen 2018 DIAGNOdent pen 60 60 57 vivo 12 0.97 0.45 Occlusal Visual Permanent
Muller‐Bolla 2017 DIAGNOdent pen 743 743 103 vivo 12 0.72 0.29 Occlusal Visual Mixed
Muller‐Bolla 2017 SoproLife 743 743 103 vivo N/A 0.72 0.29 Occlusal Visual Mixed
Neuhaus 2011 DIAGNOdent 37 37 NR ‐ extracted vitro 9 0.73 0.24 Occlusal Histology Primary
Novaes 2009 DIAGNOdent pen 621 50 NR vivo 5 0.41 0.03 Approximal Visual Primary
Novaes 2010 DIAGNOdent pen 592 168 76 vivo 5 0.81 0.05 Approximal Visual Primary
Novaes 2012a DIAGNOdent 113 113 77 vitro 7 0.57 0.17 Occlusal Histology Primary
Novaes 2012a DIAGNOdent pen 113 113 77 vitro 8 0.57 0.17 Occlusal Histology Primary
Novaes 2012a VistaProof 113 113 77 vitro Examiner 0.57 0.17 Occlusal Histology Primary
Novaes 2016 DIAGNOdent 109 109 65 vitro 2 0.70 0.23 Smooth Histology Primary
Novaes 2016 DIAGNOdent pen 109 109 65 vitro 3 0.70 0.23 Smooth Histology Primary
Novaes 2016 VistaProof 109 109 65 vitro 1.1 0.70 0.23 Smooth Histology Primary
Ozsevik 2015 DIAGNOdent pen 156 156 87 vitro 9 0.63 0.35 Approximal Histology Permanent
Paula 2011 DIAGNOdent 64 64 26 vitro 10 0.88 0.28 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Pereira 2011 DIAGNOdent 96 96 NR ‐ extracted vitro 5 0.57 0.25 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Pereira 2011 QLF 96 96 NR ‐ extracted vitro Examiner 0.57 0.25 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Pinelli 2002 DIAGNOdent 220 220 50 vivo 4 0.50 NR Smooth Visual Permanent
Presoto 2017 VistaProof 107 107 14 vivo N/A 0.36 NR Occlusal Visual Permanent
Rando‐Meirelles 2011 DIAGNOdent 789 789 179 vivo 20 0.34 0.31 Occlusal Radiograph Mixed
Ribeiro 2015 DIAGNOdent pen 63 137 112 vivo 6 0.60 0.29 Approximal Radiograph Primary
Rocha 2003 DIAGNOdent 100 50 29 vivo 6 0.58 0.14 Occlusal Histology Primary
Rodrigues 2008 DIAGNOdent 119 119 NR ‐ extracted vitro 7 0.65 0.54 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Rodrigues 2008 DIAGNOdent pen 119 119 NR ‐ extracted vitro 6 0.65 0.54 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Rodrigues 2008 VistaProof 119 119 NR ‐ extracted vitro 1.26 0.65 0.54 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Rodrigues 2009 DIAGNOdent 169 169 NR ‐ extracted vitro 7 0.93 0.11 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Rodrigues 2009a DIAGNOdent 148 148 NR ‐ extracted vitro 7 0.92 0.03 Occlusal Histology Primary
Rodrigues 2011 DIAGNOdent 97 97 NR ‐ extracted vitro NR 0.82 0.28 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Rodrigues 2011 DIAGNOdent pen 97 97 NR ‐ extracted vitro NR 0.82 0.28 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Rodrigues 2011 VistaProof 97 97 NR ‐ extracted vitro NR 0.82 0.28 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Rodrigues 2011 MidWest 97 97 NR ‐ extracted vitro N/A 0.82 0.28 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Seremidi 2012 DIAGNOdent pen 107 107 41 vitro 9 0.78 0.19 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Seremidi 2012 VistaProof 107 107 41 vitro 1.3 0.78 0.19 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Sheehy 2001 DIAGNOdent 170 107 41 vitro 14 0.55 0.28 Occlusal Visual Permanent
Shi 2000 DIAGNOdent 70 76 NR ‐ extracted vitro NR 0.73 0.39 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Souza 2013 DIAGNOdent 79 79 NR ‐ extracted vitro 15 0.76 0.35 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Souza 2013 DIAGNOdent pen 79 79 NR ‐ extracted vitro 19 0.76 0.35 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Souza 2013 VistaProof 79 79 NR ‐ extracted vitro 1.1 0.76 0.35 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Souza 2014 DIAGNOdent pen 102 102 NR ‐ extracted vitro 27 0.48 0.34 Approximal Histology Permanent
Souza 2014a DIAGNOdent pen 144 144 72 vitro 27 0.35 0.1 Approximal Histology Primary
Souza 2018 DIAGNOdent pen 195 195 46 vitro 13 0.41 0.13 Approximal Visual Primary
Sridhar 2009 DIAGNOdent 50 50 NR ‐ extracted vitro 5 0.88 0.12 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Teo 2014 DIAGNOdent pen 64 64 NR ‐ extracted vitro 9 0.72 0.31 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Tonkaboni 2018 VistaProof 108 108 NR ‐ extracted vitro Examiner 0.43 0.35 Approximal Histology Permanent
Umemori 2010 DIAGNOdent 100 100 19 vitro NR 0.36 0.12 Occlusal Visual Permanent
Van Hilsen 2013 MidWest 42 45 NR ‐ extracted vitro N/A 0.76 0.31 Occlusal Histology Permanent
Virajsilp 2005 DIAGNOdent 107 72 NR ‐ extracted vitro NR 0.83 0.5 Approximal Histology Primary
Yoon 2017 DIAGNOdent 102 102 NR ‐ extracted vitro 10 0.63 NR Approximal Radiograph Permanent
Yoon 2017 QLF 102 102 NR ‐ extracted vitro ‐13.8 0.63 NR Approximal Radiograph Permanent
Zeitouny 2014 SoproLife 164 219 NR ‐ extracted vitro Examiner 0.68 0.68 Occlusal Visual Permanent

N/A = not applicable; NR = not reported; QLF = quantitative light‐induced fluorescence.