Table 6.

Comparison between HRS-AKI and sepsis-AKI in ACLF

Characteristic	HRS-AKI	Sepsis-AKI
Infection	Major	All
Systemic hemodynamics	Reduction in effective arterial blood volume (+)	Reduction in effective arterial blood volume (+++)
Renal blood flow	Reduced	Increased
Appearance of renal histology	Normal, acute tubular lesions, bile cast nephropathy	Apoptosis, interstitial inflammation, thrombosis,   acute tubular necrosis
Cardiac output	Decreased or normal	Increased
Peripheral vascular resistance	Normal or slightly decreased	Decreased
Extrarenal organ failure	Common	Common
Systemic inflammatory response	Moderate	High
Shock	None	Usual
Recommended treatment	Vasoactive drugs combined with albumin	Crystalloids and/or renal replacement therapy

HRS, hepatorenal syndrome; AKI, acute kidney injury; ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure.