Figure 3.

Effects of p38 MAPK inhibitor SB239063 on Tat-induced behavioural impairments and neuropathologies. A similar experimental scheme was performed as in Fig. 1A except for using intraperitoneal injection of p38 MAPK inhibitor SB239063 (15 mg/kg/day) in place of subcutaneous injection of PAM PNU-125096 for mice in all groups (n = 7–12/group). Similar behavioural open field test (A), Morris water maze test (training stage, B), western blotting (C and D, n = 6/group, only males; Results from females were shown in Supplementary Fig. 4), and immunofluorescent staining was performed for PSD-95 and MAP2 (E, scale bars = 20 µm). P < 0.05 was considered significant and is indicated with asterisk, number symbol or dollar sign for comparisons among different groups; **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 were both considered highly significant and are indicated with asterisks. CORT = cortex; HIP = hippocampus.