Table 1.

Characteristics of Mothers and Neonates Enrolled into the Study

Neonatal Characteristics	N =216
Female sex, n (%)	90 (41.7)
Birth weight, n (%)
<1500 g	54 (25.4)
1500–2499 g	65 (31.5)
≥2500 g	94 (44.1)
Product of multiple pregnancies, n (%)	23 (10.7)
Maternal characteristics
Age in years, median (IQR)	25 (22–31)
No. antenatal clinic visits, n (%)
None	65 (30.1)
1	55 (25.5)
2	34 (15.7)
3	27 (12.5)
≥4	35 (16.2)
HIV positive*, n (%)	22 (12.8)
Parity, n (%)
Primigravida	90 (41.7)
Multigravida	126 (58.3)
Prolonged rupture of membranes (18 h or more), n (%)	23 (19.2)
Prolonged labor (24 h or more), n (%)	7 (3.8)
Cesarean delivery, n (%)	46 (21.3)
Birth outside a healthcare facility, n (%)	23 (10.7)
Meconium-stained amniotic fluid, n (%)	42 (19.4)
Neonatal care variables
NG/OG-feed, n (%)	86 (39.8)
Oxygen, n (%)	84 (38.9)
CPAP, n (%)	35 (16.2)
Invasive ventilation, n (%)	4 (1.9)
Required surgery, n (%)	8 (3.7)
Duration of hospital stay in days, median (IQR)	8 (5–14)

The following variables had missing data: birth weight (n = 3), HIV status (n = 44), prolonged rupture of membranes, excluding neonates born by cesarean section and outside a healthcare facility (n = 50); prolonged labor, excluding neonates born outside a healthcare facility (n = 23).

CPAP indicates continuous positive airway pressure; NG, nasogastric; OG, orogastric.