Table 2.
Percentage changes (95% CIs) in serum concentrations of sex hormones for a doubling in and by tertiles of PFAS concentrations
| PFAS | Per doubling in PFAS concentrations | Tertiles of PFAS concentrations | P for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | |||
| FSH | |||||
| n-PFOA | 3.12 (0.37, 5.95)** | Ref | 1.88 (−3.48, 7.53) | 6.74 (0.88, 12.94)** | 0.02 |
| PFNA | 1.17 (−1.35, 3.75) | Ref | −2.09 (−7.01, 3.08) | 1.09 (−4.50, 7.01) | 0.72 |
| PFHxS | −0.03 (−1.96, 1.94) | Ref | 0.22 (−4.92, 5.63) | 0.17 (−5.22, 5.87) | 0.95 |
| n-PFOS | 2.88 (0.21, 5.63)** | Ref | −0.21 (−5.26, 5.11) | 4.87 (−0.67, 10.72)* | 0.09 |
| Sm-PFOS | 2.25 (0.02, 4.53)** | Ref | −0.08 (−5.24, 5.35) | 4.54 (−1.10, 10.51) | 0.11 |
| Total PFOS | 3.03 (0.37, 5.76)** | Ref | −0.67 (−5.71, 4.64) | 4.07 (−1.44, 9.89) | 0.16 |
| MeFOSAA | 0.13 (−2.09, 2.40) | Ref | −1.53 (−6.68, 3.91) | 0.66 (−4.87, 6.50) | 0.80 |
| EtFOSAA | 1.70 (0.01, 3.42)** | Ref | −0.09 (−5.27, 5.39) | 5.64 (−0.17, 11.78)* | 0.05 |
| E2 | |||||
| n-PFOA | −2.43 (−4.97, 0.18)* | Ref | −5.62 (−10.44, −0.55)** | −4.02 (−9.15, 1.41) | 0.16 |
| PFNA | −2.47 (−4.82, −0.05)** | Ref | −0.70 (−5.52, 4.37) | −6.59 (−11.6, −1.30)** | 0.02 |
| PFHxS | −0.86 (−2.72, 1.03) | Ref | −1.45 (−6.35, 3.71) | −1.74 (−6.87, 3.68) | 0.52 |
| n-PFOS | −1.82 (−4.31, 0.75) | Ref | 1.20 (−3.79, 6.44) | −3.05 (−8.04, 2.20) | 0.26 |
| Sm-PFOS | −1.27 (−3.38, 0.88) | Ref | −2.94 (−7.81, 2.18) | −1.75 (−6.92, 3.70) | 0.53 |
| Total PFOS | −1.72 (−4.20, 0.83) | Ref | −0.90 (−5.79, 4.25) | −1.76 (−6.83, 3.59) | 0.51 |
| MeFOSAA | 0.97 (−1.21, 3.21) | Ref | 4.42 (−0.88, 10.01) | −0.66 (−5.97, 4.94) | 0.75 |
| EtFOSAA | 0.37 (−1.26, 2.04) | Ref | 0.09 (−4.97, 5.42) | −0.34 (−5.69, 5.32) | 0.90 |
| Testosterone | |||||
| n-PFOA | 0.31 (−2.68, 3.39) | Ref | −0.53 (−6.35, 5.65) | −0.87 (−6.93, 5.59) | 0.79 |
| PFNA | 2.20 (−0.62, 5.11) | Ref | 2.75 (−2.98, 8.82) | 3.81 (−2.57, 10.62) | 0.25 |
| PFHxS | 0.90 (−1.27, 3.12) | Ref | −3.99 (−9.46, 1.82) | 1.08 (−4.95, 7.50) | 0.74 |
| n-PFOS | 1.40 (−1.53, 4.42) | Ref | 3.31 (−2.52, 9.48) | 2.81 (−3.23, 9.23) | 0.36 |
| Sm-PFOS | 0.52 (−1.92, 3.02) | Ref | 6.08 (−0.01, 12.54)* | −0.41 (−6.37, 5.94) | 0.87 |
| Total PFOS | 1.22 (−1.69, 4.21) | Ref | 2.69 (−3.11, 8.85) | 2.56 (−3.47, 8.97) | 0.41 |
| MeFOSAA | −1.55 (−3.99, 0.95) | Ref | −2.83 (−8.48, 3.17) | −3.32 (−9.25, 2.99) | 0.30 |
| EtFOSAA | −1.51 (−3.34, 0.35) | Ref | 0.00 (−5.80, 6.16) | −5.54 (−11.32, 0.63)* | 0.07 |
| SHBG | |||||
| n-PFOA | 0.86 (−2.18, 4.00) | Ref | 0.72 (−5.28, 7.10) | 1.25 (−5.03, 7.95) | 0.71 |
| PFNA | 0.18 (−2.65, 3.09) | Ref | 1.20 (−4.54, 7.29) | −1.74 (−7.88, 4.81) | 0.60 |
| PFHxS | 0.39 (−1.81, 2.63) | Ref | −1.22 (−6.95, 4.86) | 1.04 (−5.11, 7.58) | 0.75 |
| n-PFOS | 0.98 (−1.99, 4.03) | Ref | 8.82 (2.60, 15.41)*** | 2.88 (−3.24, 9.39) | 0.33 |
| Sm-PFOS | 0.20 (−2.27, 2.73) | Ref | −0.45 (−6.26, 5.73) | 0.23 (−5.88, 6.73) | 0.94 |
| Total PFOS | 0.92 (−2.02, 3.95) | Ref | 6.94 (0.81, 13.44)** | 2.46 (−3.65, 8.96) | 0.41 |
| MeFOSAA | 1.73 (−0.82, 4.34) | Ref | −0.37 (−6.25, 5.89) | 4.23 (−2.22, 11.12) | 0.19 |
| EtFOSAA | 1.14 (−0.76, 3.08) | Ref | 0.63 (−5.28, 6.92) | 4.13 (−2.32, 11.02) | 0.21 |
Models adjusted for age (time-varying), race/ethnicity, site, smoking status, parity, menopausal status (time-varying), and BMI (time-varying).
Abbreviations: E2, estradiol; EtFOSAA, 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; MeFOSAA, 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate; n-PFOA, linear perfluorooctanoate; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; n-PFOS, linear perfluorooctane sulfonate; SHBG, sex hormone-binding globulin; Sm-PFOS, sum of perfluoromethylheptane sulfonate isomers. *P < 0.10; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01.