Table 3.
Percentage changes (95% CIs) in serum concentrations of sex hormones for a doubling in PFAS concentrations by parity
| Nulliparous (%) | 1-2 births (%) | 3+ births (%) | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FSH | ||||
| n-PFOA | 2.21 (−3.05, 7.75) | 2.55 (−1.20, 6.45) | 4.95 (−0.06, 10.21)* | 0.393 |
| PFNA | −1.58 (−6.98, 4.14) | 0.12 (−3.40, 3.75) | 4.54 (0.03, 9.26)** | 0.069 |
| PFHxS | −4.62 (−8.60, −0.47)** | 0.47 (−2.13, 3.14) | 2.32 (−1.24, 6.00) | 0.012 |
| n-PFOS | −0.91 (−6.45, 4.96) | 4.56 (0.86, 8.39)** | 2.61 (−2.16, 7.61) | 0.445 |
| Sm-PFOS | 0.37 (−4.04, 4.98) | 2.64 (−0.43, 5.80)* | 3.14 (−1.01, 7.47) | 0.356 |
| Total PFOS | −0.22 (−5.71, 5.59) | 4.43 (0.74, 8.26)** | 2.90 (−1.84, 7.86) | 0.472 |
| MeFOSAA | 1.43 (−3.32, 6.41) | −0.91 (−3.76, 2.03) | 1.41 (−2.79, 5.79) | 0.998 |
| EtFOSAA | 2.86 (−0.90, 6.77) | 1.30 (−0.95, 3.61) | 1.68 (−1.36, 4.81) | 0.666 |
| E2 | ||||
| n-PFOA | −4.34 (−9.11, 0.68)* | −1.10 (−4.64, 2.57) | −3.03 (−7.52, 1.68) | 0.838 |
| PFNA | −3.12 (−8.32, 2.38) | −2.01 (−5.35, 1.45) | −2.77 (−6.84, 1.47) | 0.984 |
| PFHxS | 1.96 (−2.15, 6.25) | −2.55 (−5.01, −0.01)** | 0.31 (−3.06, 3.80) | 0.648 |
| n-PFOS | −3.85 (−9.09, 1.70) | 0.47 (−3.02, 4.10) | −4.29 (−8.60, 0.22)* | 0.658 |
| Sm-PFOS | −3.02 (−7.18, 1.34) | −0.24 (−3.15, 2.77) | −1.70 (−5.54, 2.29) | 0.765 |
| Total PFOS | −4.09 (−9.24, 1.36) | 0.42 (−3.07, 4.03) | −3.62 (−7.92, 0.87) | 0.866 |
| MeFOSAA | −2.86 (−7.31, 1.79) | 3.14 (0.25, 6.12)** | −0.64 (−4.63, 3.52) | 0.556 |
| EtFOSAA | −2.26 (−5.73, 1.32) | 2.70 (0.47, 4.98)** | −2.11 (−4.97, 0.85) | 0.750 |
| Testosterone | ||||
| n-PFOA | 2.58 (−3.27, 8.79) | −0.13 (−4.21, 4.13) | −0.90 (−6.22, 4.72) | 0.449 |
| PFNA | 3.18 (−3.07, 9.83) | 2.82 (−1.18, 6.97) | 0.67 (−4.17, 5.74) | 0.520 |
| PFHxS | 1.47 (−3.23, 6.40) | 1.09 (−1.83, 4.11) | 0.14 (−3.77, 4.21) | 0.722 |
| n-PFOS | 6.15 (−0.39, 13.12)* | 1.31 (−2.68, 5.46) | −1.66 (−6.75, 3.70) | 0.076 |
| Sm-PFOS | 1.30 (−3.64, 6.49) | 1.25 (−2.12, 4.74) | −1.50 (−5.94, 3.15) | 0.424 |
| Total PFOS | 5.24 (−1.15, 12.04) | 1.34 (−2.65, 5.49) | −1.76 (−6.81, 3.55) | 0.105 |
| MeFOSAA | 1.96 (−3.31, 7.51) | −2.86 (−5.98, 0.36)* | −1.46 (−6.04, 3.35) | 0.364 |
| EtFOSAA | 0.13 (−3.91, 4.35) | −2.04 (−4.47, 0.46) | −1.63 (−4.92, 1.78) | 0.551 |
| SHBG | ||||
| n-PFOA | −1.11 (−6.84, 4.99) | −1.32 (−5.39, 2.92) | 6.67 (0.91, 12.77)** | 0.063 |
| PFNA | 0.21 (−5.98, 7.03) | −0.70 (−4.64, 3.41) | 1.53 (−3.44, 6.76) | 0.695 |
| PFHxS | −0.10 (−4.84, 4.86) | −0.44 (−3.36, 2.57) | 2.31 (−1.74, 6.52) | 0.428 |
| n-PFOS | −5.34 (−11.30, 1.01)* | 0.90 (−3.12, 5.08) | 5.82 (0.25, 11.69)** | 0.010 |
| Sm-PFOS | −3.68 (−8.44, 1.33) | −0.75 (−4.09, 2.72) | 5.49 (0.68, 10.53)** | 0.009 |
| Total PFOS | −5.27 (−11.13, 0.98)* | 0.45 (−3.55, 4.61) | 6.42 (0.87, 12.27)** | 0.006 |
| MeFOSAA | −2.87 (−7.97, 2.51) | 1.57 (−1.72, 4.98) | 6.00 (1.04, 11.20)** | 0.014 |
| EtFOSAA | −3.57 (−7.54, 0.57)* | 1.24 (−1.30, 3.84) | 4.15 (0.66, 7.77)** | 0.005 |
All models were adjusted for age (time-varying), race/ethnicity, site, smoking status, menopausal status (time-varying), and BMI (time-varying).
Abbreviations: E2, estradiol; EtFOSAA, 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; MeFOSAA, 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate; n-PFOA, linear perfluorooctanoate; n-PFOS, linear perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; SHBG, sex hormone-binding globulin; Sm-PFOS, sum of perfluoromethylheptane sulfonate isomers. *P < 0.10; **P < 0.05.