Table 52.

Literature review of uncertainties in dose coefficients for some of the radionuclides considered in this article.

Radio-nuclide	Radiation Type	Exposure pathway	Population	Organ or tissue	GSD	Reference
90Sr	β	Ingestion Inhalation Ingestion and inhalation Ingestion Ingestion Inhalation	Infant 1–11 y 11–18 y Adult All H.A.M.a Children Healthy individual Typical adult male Typical adult male	All All All All All EDEb EDEb Bone surfaces Active marrow All other organs Bone surfaces Active marrow Lung Bone surfaces Active marrow	2.2 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.8 ≤1.7 1.7–2.2 2.6 2.4 ≤1.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.9	Ng et al. 1990 Anspaugh et al. 2022 NCRP 1998b Apostoaei and Miller 2004 NCRP 2009
106Ru	β, γ	Ingestion and inhalation Ingestion	H.A.M. Sp, gp.c Typical adult male	EDEb EDEb Colon Kidney Liver Active marrow	2.2–3.2 >3.2 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.2	NCRP 1998b NCRP 2009
131I	β, γ	Ingestion Inhalation Ingestion and inhalation Ingestion Ingestion Inhalation	All All H.A.M.a Infants Infants Other Typical adult male	Thyroid Thyroid EDEb EDEb Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid	1.8 1.8 ≤1.7 >3.2d 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4	Ng et al. 1990 NCRP 1998b Apostoaei and Miller 2004 NCRP 2009
137Cs	β, γ	Ingestion Inhalation Ingestion and inhalation Ingestion Ingestion Inhalation	Adult Other All H.A.M.a Children Female Male Typical adult male	All All All EDEb EDEb All All Colon Active marrow Lung Colon Active marrow	1.3 1.4 1.8 ≤1.7 1–7–2.2 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.4 1.4	Ng et al. 1990 Anspaugh et al. 2022 NCRP 1998b Apostoaei and Miller 2004 NCRP 2009
140Ba	β, γ	Ingestion and inhalation	H.A.M.a Children	EDEb EDEb	1–7–2.2 2.2–3.2	NCRP 1998b
140La	β, γ	Ingestion and inhalation	H.A.M.a Sp, gp.c	EDEb EDEb	≤1.7 1–7–2.2	NCRP 1998b
144Ce	β, γ	Ingestion Inhalation Ingestion	H.A.M.a Infants H.A.M.a Infants Members of the public	EDEb EDEb EDEb EDEb St. wall SI wall Colon wall	2.2–3.2 >3.2 1–7–2.2 2.2-3.2 2.7 2.0 2.1	NCRP 1998b Spielmann et al., 2020
239Pu	α	Ingestion and inhalation Inhalation, 239PuO2 Inhalation, 239PuO2	H.A.M.a Sp, gp.c Adult male Typical adult male	EDEb EDEb Lung (1 μm) Lung (10 μm) AI (1 μm) AI (10 μm) Lung Colon Active marrow	2.2–3.2 >3.2 1.7 1.8 3.1 3.2 2.1 3.2 2.7	NCRP 1998 Farfán et al. 2003 NCRP 2009

^aH.A.M. stands for healthy adult males.

^bEDE stands for effective dose equivalent.

^cSp. gp. stands for Special group, expected to receive higher doses per unit intake, e.g., infants, diseased people, etc.

^d High value due in part to the uncertainty on the tissue-weighting factor for the thyroid, which applies strictly to adults according to ICRP (1979).