Table 4.

Univariable and multivariable analysis of prognostic factors for overall survival following distal pancreatectomy for non-metastatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Variables	Univariable		Multivariable
	HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95% CI)	p value
Age, years	1.01 (0.98–1.03)	0.82
Body mass index, kg/m2	0.98 (0.94–1.03)	0.49
Male sex (vs. female)	0.92 (0.59–1.41)	0.69
Period 2013–2020 (vs. 2004–2012)	0.86 (0.54–1.39)	0.54
Red blood cell transfusion	1.67 (0.97–2.90)	0.07	–	–
Extended resection (vs. standard)	1.95 (1.24–3.06)	0.004	2.03 (1.27–3.24)	0.003
Severe complications	1.18 (0.72–1.96)	0.51
Poor differentiation (vs. well/moderate)	1.22 (0.78–1.91)	0.38
Tumor stage (vs. pT1)
pT2	1.46 (0.64–3.33)	0.37
pT3	1.84 (0.83–4.08)	0.13
Nodal stage (vs. pN0)
pN1	1.7 (0.99–2.94)	0.06	–	–
pN2	2.46 (1.38–4.41)	0.002	–	–
Lymph node yield	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	0.46
Lymph node ratio (increase by 0.01)	1.03 (1.02–1.04)	0.001	1.03 (1.01–1.04)	0.001
R1 (vs. R0)	1.72 (1.04–2.84)	0.03	–	–
Positive transection margin	1.34 (0.71–2.55)	0.37
Positive posterior margin	1.1 (0.71–1.69)	0.66
Positive anterior surface	2.49 (1.57–3.94)	0.001	2.03 (1.26–3.26)	0.004
>1 positive margin/surface	1.8 (1.1–2.96)	0.02	–	–
Splenic vein invasion	1.49 (0.81–2.72)	0.2
Lymphatic invasion	1.44 (0.91–2.28)	0.12
Vascular invasion	1.98 (1.2–3.26)	0.007	–	–
Perineural invasion	2.86 (1.24–6.59)	0.014	3.9 (1.6–9.4)	0.003
Adjuvant chemotherapy	0.54 (0.35–0.83)	0.006	0.41 (0.25–0.66)	0.001

c-statistic = 0.74

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval