Table 2.
Characteristics of the observational studies included in this meta-analysis.
| References | Number of patients | Study design | Type of concomitant AEDs |
Gender (male/female) |
Age[mean ± SD or mean (range)] | Time since diagnosis, years (mean ± SD) | Duration of follow-up (Months) | LCM dosage (mg/day) | Seizure classification, number of patients | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | |||||||||
| Kleist et al. (29) | 80 | Add-on | VPA, LEV, LTG, et al. | 51/29 | 36.2 ± 12.8 | 27.9 ± 13.9 | 24 months | 300–400 mg | patients with intellectual disability | |||
| Zadeh et al. (26) | 456 | Frist add-on Later add-on |
VPA, CBZ, OXC, et al. VPA, CBZ, OXC, et al. | 53/43 180/180 |
41 ± 17.08 38 ± 12.34 | 1.1 ± 2.22 22.9 ± 13.11 |
24 months | 300–400 mg 300–400 mg; |
SPS(29) SPS(112) | CPS(57) CPS(259) |
sGS(69) sGS(241) | - GS:(3) |
| García-Morales et al. (30) | 60 | Add-on | LEV, CBZ, LTG, et al. | 28/32 | 38.3 | 27.2 | 24 months | 200–500 mg | NS(17) | DS(43) | ||
| Wehner et al. (24) | 25 | Add-on | LTG, LEV, CBZ and ZNS | 12/13 | 16–74 | NA | 6 months | 400 mg | Putative etiology of focal epilepsy | |||
| Rocamora et al. (11) | 49 | Add-on | LEV | 24/25 | 39.5 ± 15.5 | 17.1 ± 14.6 | 6 months | 200–400 mg | SPS(20) | CPS(34) | sGTCS(23) | - |
| Flores et al. (27) | 285 | Add-on | CBZ, LEV, et al. | 199/204 | 41.(17–82) | NA - | Mean 11.6 months | 25–700 mg | LCE(39) | SGE(7) | SPE(263) | UC(11) |
| McGinty et al. (10) | 100 | Add-on | LEV, VPA, CBZ, et al. | 51/49 | 18–84 | -NA | 24 months | 50–300 mg | GGE(7) | LRE76() | SGE(11) | UC(6) |
| Maschio et al. (23) | 25 | Add-on | LEV | 18/7 | 22–74 | NA | 6 months | 100–400 mg | SPS(9) | CPS(8) | sGS(8) | - |
| Stephen et al. (22) | 113 | Add-on | CBZ, LTG, OXC, et al. | 57/56 | 18–74 | 4 | 6 months | 200–400mg | POS | |||
| Husain et al. (28) | 309 | Add-on | CBZ, OXC, LEV, et al. | 162/146 | 38.±12.46 | 23.8 ± 12.97 | 12 months | 100–600mg | POS | |||
| IJff et al. (25) | 33 | Add-on | - | 9/24 | 37 ± 14.5 | NA | Mean 7 months | 100–600mg | Cryptogenic(14) | Symptomatic(19) | - | - |
AEDs, anti-epileptic drugs; SD, standard deviation; NS (the nocturnal seizure group); NA, not available; SPS, simple partial seizure; CPS, complex partial seizures; sGS, secondarily generalized seizures; GS, generalized seizures; NS, nocturnal seizure; DS, diurnal seizure; POS, partial-onset seizures; sGTCS, secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizures; GGE, genetic generalized epilepsy; LRE, localization-related epilepsy (focal epilepsy); SGE, symptomatic generalized epilepsy; IGE, idiopathic generalized epilepsy; UC, unclassified; SPE, symptomatic generalized epilepsy; ID, intellectual disability. Abbreviation of concomitant drugs: VPA, valproic acid; LEV, levetiracetam; CBZ, Carbamazepine; LTG, Lamotrigine; OXC, Oxcarbazepine, TPM, Topiramate; ZNS, Zonisamide. add-on: The ‘first add-on' cohort of patients received lacosamide as their first adjunctive treatment after a first monotherapy, while the ‘later add-on' cohort had previously been treated with at least two prior AED treatment regimens before adding lacosamide.