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. 2021 Dec 16;6:425. doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00828-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Downstream effectors of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and their cellular functions. The activation of Akt signaling can promote (arrows) or inhibit (blocking arrows) the phosphorylation of downstream effectors. Downstream regulation by Akt contributes to many cellular processes, including tumor growth, tumor survival, tumor cell proliferation, cancer immunity, cancer metabolism and cancer angiogenesis