Table 2.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of PD subgroups and HC.
| HC (n = 62) | PD subgroup A (mild subtype) (n = 42) | PD subgroup B (depression dominant) (n = 36) | PD subgroup C (cognitive dominant) (n = 21) | F | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.29 (8.17) | 62.02 (8.24) | 64.03 (7.74) | 67.93 (5.54) | 2.779 | 0.043a |
| Sex (male/female) | 31/31 | 29/13 | 26/10 | 14/7 | χ2 = 6.472 | 0.091 |
| Education (years) | 12.82 (4.5) | 13.74 (4.42) | 11.69 (4.78) | 11.00 (4.87) | 2.217 | 0.088 |
| MoCA | 26.50 (2.59) | 26.30 (2.63) [15–30] | 24.75 (2.88) [15–30] | 20.14 (2.49) [13–23] | 32.839 | <0.001b |
| GDS-15 | 0.97 (1.49) | 1.63 (1.83) [scores: 0–6] | 4.22 (2.92) [scores: 0–11] | 2.39 (1.87) [scores: 0–7] | 20.231 | <0.001c |
| FD mean | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.20 (0.07) | 2.436 | 0.067 |
| Age at disease onset | – | 57.02 (7.93) | 56.33 (7.39) | 59.35 (9.78) | 0.937 | 0.395 |
| UPDRS III | – | 19.00 (8.10) [2–41] | 34.81 (9.03) [20–57] | 23.76 (9.40) [8–41] | 32.471 | <0.001d |
| Hoehn and Yahr | – | 1.70 (0.38) [1.0–2.0] | 2.34 (0.42) [1.5–3] | 2.00 (0.22) [1.5–2.5] | χ2 = 49.252 | <0.001e |
| LEDD | – | 558.72 (312.22) | 620.25 (355.64) | 872.66 (583.01) | 4.486 | 0.014f |
Values are shown as mean (standard deviation).
HC healthy controls, PD Parkinson’s disease, MoCA Montreal cognitive assessment, GDS-15 geriatric depression scale, FD framewise displacement, UPDRS III unified PD rating scale, motor subscale, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose.
aSignificant post hoc differences showing PD subgroup C > PD subgroup A (p = 0.027).
bSignificant post hoc differences showing PD subgroup C < HC (p < 0.001), PD subgroup A (p < 0.001) and PD subgroup B (p < 0.001); and PD subgroup B < HC (p = 0.011).
cSignificant post hoc differences showing PD subgroup B > HC (p < 0.001), PD subgroup A (p < 0.001) and PD subgroup C (p = 0.007); and PD subgroup C < HC (p = 0.032).
dSignificant post hoc differences showing PD subgroup B > PD subgroup A (p < 0.001) and PD subgroup C (p < 0.001).
eSignificant post hoc differences between all groups (p < 0.001).
fSignificant post hoc differences showing PD subgroup C < PD subgroup A (p = 0.011).