Table 3.

Comparison of subgroup analysis for virtual reality simulator tasks (scope orientation 30° right handed and cholecystectomy dissection).

	Day 1			Day 9			Men		Women
	Men	Women		Men	Women		Day 1	Day 9	Day 1	Day 9
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	P	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	P	P		P
Scope orientation 30° right-handed
Time (sec)	133 ± 62	171 ± 137	.01	44 ± 12.6	56 ± 55.3	NS	.01		.02
Left-handed movement (degrees)	855 ± 1223	1438 ± 1576	.04	626 ± 238.5	704 ± 744.0	NS	.02		.01
Right-handed movement (degrees)	1327 ± 3198	2735 ± 1635	.04	833 ± 240.8	940 ± 569.6	NS	.01		.01
CD							.01		.01
Time (Sec)	683 ± 215	699 ± 385	NS	532 ± 108	541 ± 137	NS	.03		.02
Left-handed movement (degrees)	4.14 ± 3.4	7.9 ± 4.1	NS	2.6 ± 1.8	2.7 ± 2.9	NS	.01		.01
Right-handed movement (degrees)	13.9 ± 8.8	16.7 ± 10.8	NS	10.1 ± 3.9	11.0 ± 4.1	NS	.02		.01
Missed clips (n)	2 ± 1.0	3 ± 1.5	NS	0 ± .6	0 ± .8	NS	.01		.01

	Day 1			Day 9
	Interest in MIS	No Interest in MIS		Interest in MIS	No Interest in MIS
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	P	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	P
Scope orientation 30° right-handed
Time (sec)	89 ± 91	155 ± 125	.042	58 ± 77.6	44 ± 16.5	NS
Left-handed movement (degrees)	1020 ± 1020	1562 ± 2121	.003	621 ± 370	768 ± 916	NS
Right-handed movement (degrees)	1407 ± 2419	2290 ± 2241	.037	835 ± 247	956 ± 783	NS
CD
Time (sec)	713 ± 414	606 ± 317	NS	495 ± 147	517 ± 165	NS
Left-handed movement (degrees)	9.5 ± 5.5	4.5 ± 3.1	.028	4.9 ± 2.0	3.3 ± 2.0	NS
Right-handed movement (degrees)	21.8 ± 9.9	13.4 ± 6.4	NS	10.9 ± 4.4	10.9 ± 4.4	NS
Missed clips (n)	2.5 ± .5	3 ± 1.6	NS	0 ± 0.3	0 ± .8	NS

The results are analyzed with the Mann–Whitney U test results are means ± standard deviations (SD).

CD = cholecystectomy dissection; CG = control group; MIS = minimally invasive surgery; NS = not significant; TG = testing group.