Table 4.
Comparison of subgroup analysis of visual spatial ability (high- and low-level visual spatial ability groups) for virtual reality simulator tasks (scope orientation 30° right-handed and cholecystectomy dissection).
| Day 1 | Day 9 | Low VSA (B) | High VSA (A) | |||||||
| Low VSA (B) Mean ± SD | High VSA (A) Mean ± SD | P | Low VSA (B) Mean ± SD | High VSA (A) Mean ± SD | P | Day 1 | Day 9 | Day 1 | Day 9 | |
| P | P | |||||||||
| Scope orientation 30° right-handed | ||||||||||
| Time (sec) | 125.5 ± 91.1 | 76 ± 118.2 | .04 | 59 ± 57.17 | 42 ± 10.83 | .06 | .005 | .001 | ||
| Left-handed movement (degrees) | 1400 ± 1381 | 878.5 ± 1600 | .06 | 761 ± 715 | 614.5 ± 175 | .19 | .02 | .002 | ||
| Right-handed movement (degrees) | 1803.5 ± 1272 | 1326.5 ± 3281 | .12 | 920 ± 585 | 878.0 ± 245 | .33 | .005 | .002 | ||
| CD | ||||||||||
| Time (sec) | 654 ± 412.1 | 715 ± 219.7 | .33 | 592 ± 152.3 | 470 ± 146.4 | .04 | .001 | .001 | ||
| Left-handed movement (degrees) | 8.68 ± 4.87 | 2.94 ± 1.69 | .005 | 4.52 ± 2.12 | 2.82 ± 1.68 | .08 | .002 | .42 | ||
| Right-handed movement (degrees) | 17.99 ± 9.33 | 12.41 ± 4.19 | .110 | 13.37 ± 4.69 | 9.63 ± 2.73 | .03 | .001 | .001 | ||
| Missing clips (n) | 3 ± 1.59 | 3 ± 1.55 | .600 | 0 ± .96 | 0 ± .86 | .75 | .01 | .007 | ||
Analysis with Mann–Whitney U test. Results are indicated as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
CD = cholecystectomy dissection; VSA = visual spatial ability.