Table 3.
Patient and Facility Characteristics of TBI Patients Receiving Inpatient Rehabilitation by Age and Sex (N = 221961)
| Variables | Values | Younger Males N = 71066, 32.01% |
Younger Females N = 28548, 12.86% |
Older Males N =64680, 29.14% |
Older Females N =57667, 25.99% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
| Age | Years, Mean (SD) | 41.20 (14.63) | 44.46 (14.55) | 77.84 (7.31) | 79.50 (7.34) |
| Race/Ethnicity | White | 49324 (69.41%) | 21286 (74.56%) | 53872 (83.29%) | 49135 (85.20%) |
| Black | 8698 (12.24%) | 3179 (11.14%) | 3515 (5.43%) | 2783 (4.83%) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 7719 (10.86%) | 2035 (7.13%) | 3152 (4.87%) | 2488 (4.31%) | |
| Other | 5325 (7.49%) | 2048 (7.17%) | 4141 (6.40%) | 3261 (5.65%) | |
| Marital status | Never Married | 35904 (50.52%) | 11031 (38.64%) | 5888 (9.10%) | 5004 (8.68%) |
| Married | 26038 (36.64%) | 11573 (40.54%) | 43774 (67.68%) | 20053 (34.77%) | |
| Widowed | 851 (1.20%) | 1322 (4.63%) | 10670 (16.50%) | 27949 (48.47%) | |
| Separated | 1472 (2.07%) | 714 (2.50%) | 480 (0.74%) | 363 (0.63%) | |
| Divorced | 6801 (9.57%) | 3908 (13.69%) | 3868 (5.98%) | 4298 (7.45%) | |
| Pre-admission living arrangement | Alone | 14211 (20.00%) | 5278 (18.49%) | 13987 (21.62%) | 23651 (41.01%) |
| Family/Relatives | 49943 (70.28%) | 21077 (73.83%) | 49040 (75.82%) | 32471 (56.31%) | |
| Friends | 5721 (8.05%) | 1764 (6.18%) | 868 (1.34%) | 497 (0.86%) | |
| Other | 1191 (1.68 %) | 429 (1.50 %) | 785 (1.21%) | 1048 (1.82%) | |
| Discharge living arrangement** | Alone | 2878 (4.93%) | 1266 (5.39%) | 2887 (7.20%) | 5097 (14.82%) |
| Family/Relatives | 51540 (88.30%) | 20816 (88.64%) | 35342 (88.09%) | 27267 (79.26%) | |
| Friends | 2539 (4.35%) | 906 (3.86%) | 583 (1.45%) | 399 (1.16%) | |
| Other | 1413 (2.42%) | 497 (2.12%) | 1308 (3.26%) | 1641 (4.77%) | |
| Insurance status | None | 6637 (9.34%) | 1553 (5.44%) | 99 (0.15%) | 76 (0.13%) |
| Medicare | 8028 (11.30%) | 4510 (15.80%) | 58382 (90.26%) | 53890 (93.45%) | |
| Medicaid | 13016 (18.32%) | 4909 (17.20%) | 403 (0.62%) | 342 (0.59%) | |
| Private | 40764 (57.36%) | 16751 (58.68%) | 5472 (8.46%) | 3163 (5.48%) | |
| Other | 2621 (3.69%) | 825 (2.89%) | 324 (0.50%) | 196 (0.34%) | |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| CMG Comorbidity Tier | Tier 0/None | 36643 (51.56%) | 15493 (54.27%) | 33274 (51.44%) | 34861 (60.45%) |
| Tier 1 | 8192 (11.53%) | 2575 (9.02%) | 2061 (3.19%) | 1174 (2.04%) | |
| Tier 2 | 14719 (20.71%) | 5172 (18.12%) | 13711 (21.20%) | 8816 (15.29%) | |
| Tier 3 | 11512 (16.20%) | 5308 (18.59%) | 15634 (24.17%) | 12816 (22.22%) | |
| Comorbidities | Infectious and Parasitic Diseases | 43 (0.06%) | 36 (0.13%) | 151 (0.23%) | 109 (0.19%) |
| Neoplasms | 136 (0.19%) | 43 (0.15%) | 37 (0.06%) | 43 (0.07%) | |
| Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases, and Immunity Disorders | 2777 (3.91%) | 1413 (4.95%) | 6021 (9.31%) | 5772 (10.01%) | |
| Diseases of the Blood and Blood-Forming Organs | 1627 (2.29%) | 843 (2.95%) | 2331 (3.60%) | 2165 (3.75%) | |
| Mental Disorders | 4138 (5.82%) | 1454 (5.09%) | 2834 (4.38%) | 2233 (3.87%) | |
| Diseases of the Nervous System and Sense Organs | 2312 (3.25%) | 1038 (3.64%) | 3178 (4.91%) | 2402 (4.17%) | |
| Diseases of the Circulatory System | 3705 (5.21%) | 1582 (5.54%) | 8455 (13.07%) | 7422 (12.87%) | |
| Diseases of the Respiratory System | 373 (0.52%) | 149 (0.52%) | 274 (0.42%) | 166 (0.29%) | |
| Diseases of the Digestive System | 885 (1.25%) | 474 (1.66%) | 1541 (2.38%) | 1746 (3.03%) | |
| Diseases of the Genitourinary System | 740 (1.04%) | 308 (1.08%) | 2197 (3.40%) | 1263 (2.19%) | |
| Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue | 274 (0.39%) | 107 (0.37%) | 365 (0.56%) | 238 (0.41%) | |
| Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue | 1736 (2.44%) | 847 (2.97%) | 2116 (3.27%) | 2050 (3.55%) | |
| Symptoms, Signs, And Ill-Defined Conditions | 5889 (8.29%) | 2519 (8.82%) | 6794 (10.50%) | 5754 (9.98%) | |
| Injury and Poisoning | 852 (1.20%) | 313 (1.10%) | 365 (0.56%) | 296 (0.51%) | |
| Supplementary Classification of External Causes of Injury and Poisoning | 484 (0.68%) | 203 (0.71%) | 784 (1.21%) | 796 (1.38%) | |
| Supplementary Classification of Factors Influencing Health Status and Contact with Health Service | 4764 (6.70%) | 1791 (6.27%) | 4814 (7.44%) | 3947 (6.84%) | |
| Complications | Infectious and Parasitic Diseases | 90 (0.13%) | 62 (0.22%) | 196 (0.30%) | 156 (0.27%) |
| Neoplasms | 94 (0.13%) | 19 (0.07%) | 16 (0.02%) | 26 (0.05%) | |
| Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases, and Immunity Disorders | 1584 (2.23%) | 631 (2.21%) | 2392 (3.70%) | 2277 (3.95%) | |
| Diseases of The Blood and Blood-Forming Organs | 715 (1.01%) | 319 (1.12%) | 818 (1.26%) | 700 (1.21%) | |
| Mental Disorders | 1215 (1.71%) | 435 (1.52%) | 930 (1.44%) | 777 (1.35%) | |
| Diseases of The Nervous System and Sense Organs | 497 (0.70%) | 182 (0.64%) | 331 (0.51%) | 252 (0.44%) | |
| Diseases of The Circulatory System | 1026 (1.44%) | 425 (1.49%) | 1254 (1.94%) | 985 (1.71%) | |
| Diseases of The Respiratory System | 124 (0.17%) | 52 (0.18%) | 182 (0.28%) | 150 (0.26%) | |
| Diseases of the Digestive System | 349 (0.49%) | 129 (0.45%) | 239 (0.37%) | 226 (0.39%) | |
| Diseases of The Genitourinary System | 348 (0.49%) | 97 (0.34%) | 967 (1.50%) | 488 (0.85%) | |
| Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue | 342 (0.48%) | 127 (0.44%) | 308 (0.48%) | 238 (0.41%) | |
| Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue | 1093 (1.54%) | 470 (1.65%) | 734 (1.13%) | 768 (1.33%) | |
| Symptoms, Signs, And Ill-Defined Conditions | 3681 (5.18%) | 1561 (5.47%) | 3608 (5.58%) | 3328 (5.77%) | |
| Injury and Poisoning | 134 (0.19%) | 47 (0.16%) | 65 (0.10%) | 76 (0.13%) | |
| Supplementary Classification of External Causes of Injury and Poisoning | 161 (0.23%) | 84 (0.29%) | 188 (0.29%) | 144 (0.25%) | |
| Supplementary Classification of Factors Influencing Health Status and Contact with Health Service | 532 (0.75%) | 166 (0.58%) | 362 (0.56%) | 292 (0.51%) | |
| Admission Motor Function | Admission FIM Motor Score | 38.13 (16.08) | 37.77 (14.84) | 34.66 (12.63) | 35.58 (12.06) |
| Admission Cognitive Function | Admission FIM Cognitive Score | 16.19 (7.72) | 18.28 (8.07) | 18.22 (7.28) | 19.72 (7.17) |
| Discharge Motor Function | Discharge FIM Motor Score | 65.21 (14.90) | 63.70 (14.49) | 57.47 (14.59) | 58.23 (13.94) |
| Discharge Cognitive Function | Discharge FIM Cognitive Score | 24.03 (6.66) | 25.29 (6.62) | 24.13 (6.60) | 25.13 (6.48) |
| Days Onset to Admission | Number of days, Mean (SD) | 20.71 (26.26) | 17.64 (24.07) | 11.87 (16.89) | 9.16 (13.91) |
| Length of Stay | Number of days, Mean (SD) | 18.21 (16.87) | 17.09 (15.16) | 15.07 (8.17) | 14.22 (6.82) |
| Year of Admission | 2002 | 4333 (6.10%) | 1774 (6.21%) | 2229 (3.45%) | 2123 (3.68%) |
| 2003 | 4245 (5.97%) | 1726 (6.05%) | 2473 (3.82%) | 2219 (3.85%) | |
| 2004 | 4158 (5.85%) | 1727 (6.05%) | 2660 (4.11%) | 2501 (4.34%) | |
| 2005 | 4721 (6.64%) | 1865 (6.53%) | 3010 (4.65%) | 2819 (4.89%) | |
| 2006 | 4808 (6.77%) | 1820 (6.38%) | 3171 (4.90%) | 2920 (5.06%) | |
| 2007 | 4655 (6.55%) | 1807 (6.33%) | 3364 (5.20%) | 3014 (5.23%) | |
| 2008 | 4888 (6.88%) | 1975 (6.92%) | 3616 (5.59%) | 3369 (5.84%) | |
| 2009 | 4550 (6.40%) | 1795 (6.29%) | 4084 (6.31%) | 3596 (6.24%) | |
| 2010 | 4395 (6.18%) | 1780 (6.24%) | 3891 (6.02%) | 3446 (5.98%) | |
| 2011 | 4282 (6.03%) | 1789 (6.27%) | 4023 (6.22%) | 3580 (6.21%) | |
| 2012 | 4419 (6.22%) | 1738 (6.09%) | 4203 (6.50%) | 3916 (6.79%) | |
| 2013 | 4291 (6.04%) | 1805 (6.32%) | 4342 (6.71%) | 3854 (6.68%) | |
| 2014 | 2839 (3.99%) | 1252 (4.39%) | 3179 (4.91%) | 2790 (4.84%) | |
| 2015 | 3543 (4.99%) | 1432 (5.02%) | 4760 (7.36%) | 4141 (7.18%) | |
| 2016 | 3596 (5.06%) | 1374 (4.81%) | 4687 (7.25%) | 4091 (7.09%) | |
| 2017 | 3790 (5.33%) | 1425 (4.99%) | 5327 (8.24%) | 4567 (7.92%) | |
| 2018 | 3553 (5.00%) | 1464 (5.13%) | 5661 (8.75%) | 4721 (8.19%) | |
| Facility Characteristics | |||||
| IRF location | Region P01 : CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT | 2958 (4.16%) | 1276 (4.47%) | 3383 (5.23%) | 2884 (5.00%) |
| Region P02 : NJ, NY, PR | 5881 (8.28%) | 2478 (8.68%) | 6050 (9.35%) | 5298 (9.19%) | |
| Region P03 : DE, MD, PA, VA, WV | 8926 (12.56%) | 3604 (12.62%) | 9129 (14.11%) | 8896 (15.43%) | |
| Region P04: AL, FL, GA, KT, MS, NC, TN, SC | 12207 (17.18%) | 4978 (17.44%) | 11416 (17.65%) | 10978 (19.04%) | |
| Region P05: IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI | 10570 (14.87%) | 4456 (15.61%) | 9778 (15.12%) | 8332 (14.45%) | |
| Region P06: AR, LA, NM, OK, TX | 7997 (11.25%) | 3249 (11.38%) | 8292 (12.82%) | 8509 (14.76%) | |
| Region P07: IA, KS, MO, NE | 4758 (6.70%) | 1900 (1900%) | 3857 (5.96%) | 3168 (5.49%) | |
| Region P08: CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY | 5362 (7.55%) | 2111 (7.39%) | 2868 (4.43%) | 1960 (3.40%) | |
| Region P09: AZ, CA, HI, NV | 9452 (13.30%) | 3373 (11.82%) | 8165 (12.62%) | 6513 (11.29%) | |
| Region P10: AK, ID, OR, WA | 2955 (4.16%) | 1123 (3.93%) | 1742 (2.69%) | 1129 (1.96%) | |
| IRF type | Freestanding | 25286 (35.58%) | 9737 (34.11%) | 23058 (35.65%) | 22340 (38.74%) |
| Rehab Unit in Hospital | 45780 (64.42%) | 18811 (65.89%) | 41622 (64.35%) | 35327 (61.26%) | |
| IRF accreditation | Accreditation (Joint Commission and/or CARF) | 51035 (71.81%) | 19574 (68.57%) | 37918 (58.62%) | 32444 (56.26%) |
| No accreditation | 20031 (28.19%) | 8974 (31.43%) | 26762 (41.38%) | 25223 (43.74%) | |